Analysis of altered level of blood-based biomarkers in prognosis of COVID-19 patients

Shrestha, Mahendra Raj; Basnet, Ajaya; Tamang, Basanta; Khadka, Sudip; Maharjan, Rajendra; Maharjan, Rupak; Chand, Arun Bahadur; Thapa, Suresh; Kumar, Shiba

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287117

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Results in our study showed that there was a trend increase in the tested biomarkers in all the patients. This comes in accordance with several studies that established the increase in inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19 infection [ 7 , 14 ]. CRP, a liver-produced protein that mainly indicates an infection, inflammation, or tissue injury, was elevated in almost all patients with a mean value of 140 mg/L while its normal blood level is < 10 mg/L.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…As the world explores the varied consequences of the pandemic, the quest for knowledge concerning COVID-19 has become essential. The interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the diverse biochemical markers offer valuable insights into the disease’s pathogenesis and possible treatment pathways [ 7 ]. Serological tests have been used to aid in the diagnosis, prognosis, and course of treatment [ 8 ] including C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, Ferritin, interleukin 6, Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), and serum creatinine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of clinically relevant serum proteins as biomarkers for monitoring COVID-19 severity, and end-organ damage among hospitalized unvaccinated patients

Elhommosani,

Sakr,

Abbas

et al. 2024

BMC Infect Dis

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Background The extensive variability and conflicting information in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient data have made it difficult for the medical community to gain a comprehensive understanding and develop clear, reliable guidelines for managing COVID-19 cases. As the world uncovers the diverse side effects of the pandemic, the pursuit of knowledge about COVID-19 has become crucial. The present study aimed to evaluate some clinically relevant serum proteins, providing analysis of the obtained results to employ them in the diagnosis, prognosis, and disease monitoring among COVID-19 patients. Methods Samples were collected from 262 COVID-19 unvaccinated hospitalized patients. Measurement of certain serum proteins, namely C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, D-dimer, procalcitonin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), serum creatinine (SCr), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) was done using standard methods. Statistical analysis was performed on the obtained data and the results were correlated to the severity and prognosis. Results The calculated Mortality rate was found to be 30% with a higher percentage observed among females. The results showed elevation in serum CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, and procalcitonin in most of the patients, also some patients had elevated SCr, ALT, and AST levels indicating end-organ damage. The statistical analysis displayed a strong correlation between serum levels of CRP and ferritin, between D-dimer and ferritin, and between ferritin and procalcitonin. No significant difference was observed between male and female patients’ serum levels of the tested serum proteins. A significant correlation between increased serum procalcitonin and mortality was observed. Conclusion The levels of measured serum proteins were impacted by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serum ferritin, CRP, D-dimer, and procalcitonin are good predicting tools for end-organ damage and acute kidney impairment in COVID-19. Procalcitonin is a strong indicator of severity and mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of clinically relevant serum proteins as biomarkers for monitoring COVID-19 severity, and end-organ damage among hospitalized unvaccinated patients

Elhommosani,

Sakr,

Abbas

et al. 2024

BMC Infect Dis

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“…During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, instances of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have emerged, shedding light on the potential for individuals to contract the virus multiple times, often involving different viral clades or strains. This phenomenon suggests a certain level of vulnerability to reinfection, potentially from distinct genetic variants or lineages of the virus [14,15]. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been marked by the emergence of various genetic mutations, leading to the development of diverse strains or variants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Risk factors linked to severe illness in COVID-19 include a range of elements, comprising advanced age (≥ 65 years), fertility, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney conditions, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, smoking, and immunode ciency following transplantation [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Several biomarkers, including white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, albumin, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, ferritin, interleukin-6, procalcitonin (PCT) levels, and prothrombin time (PT), have been identi ed as speci c indicators of disease severity [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation Patterns in Omicron Variant-Linked COVID-19: Assessing Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity

Amin,

Said,

Rasul

2024

Preprint

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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic necessitates the identification of effective biomarkers to gauge disease severity. C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, and White Blood Cell counts (WBCs) have emerged as potential indicators of COVID-19 severity and prognosis. This research, conducted at Qalla Hospital, enrolled 112 confirmed COVID-19 patients and 35 healthy controls, employing comprehensive clinical and laboratory evaluations that included CRP, D-Dimer, and WBC measurements. The diagnosis of COVID-19 adhered to established clinical criteria and was confirmed through SARS-CoV-2 testing, with stringent assessments to ensure precise participant classification. The results unveiled significantly elevated CRP (p-value=0.0001), D-Dimer (p-value=0.0001), and WBCs in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Elevated CRP levels, indicative of inflammation, increased D-Dimer levels associated with coagulation abnormalities, and raised WBCs within the CRP level (0.943), indicative of an immune response, were prevalent in COVID-19 patients. Gender distribution was balanced, while comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (25%), hypertension (34.8%), kidney disease (6.2%), and multiple concurrent diseases (34%) were prevalent in the COVID-19 cohort. The discussion underscores the substantial differences in CRP, D-Dimer, and WBCs, emphasizing their potential as valuable biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring COVID-19 severity. These biomarkers could serve as critical tools in evaluating disease progression, predicting complications, and guiding tailored therapeutic interventions. In conclusion, CRP, D-Dimer, and WBCs exhibited marked disparities between healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients, indicating their potential as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. Continued investigation into the utility of these biomarkers may refine risk stratification and treatment strategies, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes in COVID-19 management. A deeper understanding of the clinical implications of CRP, D-Dimer, and WBC levels could profoundly impact disease management and patient care strategies.

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The association between mortality due to COVID-19 and coagulative parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

Abdollahi,

Nateghi,

Panahi

et al. 2024

BMC Infect Dis

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Aims and objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis study evaluated the association between mortality due to COVID-19 and coagulative factors. Methods A systematic search was conducted on electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science from the beginning of the pandemic until October 2024 to identify relevant studies on COVID-19 patients and their laboratory findings related to coagulation markers and mortality outcome. Eligibility criteria were defined based on the PICO framework, and data extraction was performed by two authors independently using a standardized sheet. Statistical analysis was accomplished using the random effects model, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I 2 test. R and RStudio were used for statistical analysis and visualization. Results Our systematic literature search yielded 6969 studies, with 48 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for our meta-analysis. The mean platelet count was significantly lower in deceased COVID-19 patients compared to survivors (20.58), while activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and fibrinogen levels did not show significant differences. The pooled mean difference of D-Dimer, International Normalized Ratio (INR), and prothrombin time (PT) were significantly lower in survived patients (-2.45, -0.10, and -0.84, respectively). These findings suggest that platelet count, D-Dimer, INR, and PT may serve as potential indicators of mortality in COVID-19 patients. Conclusion The results of our systematic review and meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in the pooled platelet count among deceased individuals when compared to survivors. However, no significant distinctions were observed in the pooled mean activated aPTT and fibrinogen levels between the deceased and survivor groups. On the other hand, there were noticeable variations in the pooled estimated mean of INR, PT, and D-Dimer levels, with significantly higher values in the deceased group compared to those who survived. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-024-10229-y.

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Analysis of altered level of blood-based biomarkers in prognosis of COVID-19 patients

Cited by 4 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluation of clinically relevant serum proteins as biomarkers for monitoring COVID-19 severity, and end-organ damage among hospitalized unvaccinated patients

Evaluation of clinically relevant serum proteins as biomarkers for monitoring COVID-19 severity, and end-organ damage among hospitalized unvaccinated patients

Inflammation Patterns in Omicron Variant-Linked COVID-19: Assessing Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity

The association between mortality due to COVID-19 and coagulative parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

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