Analysis of amphetamines in urine with liquid–liquid extraction by capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection

Abstract

Amphetamines including methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine were separated and detected by CE using simultaneous electrochemical (EC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection (CE-EC/ECL). Factors that influenced the separation and detection performance, such as the detection potential, the pH value and concentration of the running buffer, the separation voltage and the pH of the detection buffer, were investigated. LODs of 3.3x10(-8) mol/L (0.16 fmol), 1.6x10(-7) mol/L (0.78 fmol) and 3.3x10(-8) mol/L (0.16 fmol) were obtained for methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, respectively. For practical application, a liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate procedure was developed for urine sample pretreatment and extraction efficiencies higher than 90% were obtained. The established simultaneous CE-EC/ECL was successfully applied for urine sample analysis.

Discriminative Stimulus and Subject-Rated Effects of Methamphetamine, d-Amphetamine, Methylphenidate, and Triazolam in Methamphetamine-Trained Humans

“…The order of drug administration was random during this phase, except that an active drug dose was never administered on more than three consecutive sessions. The chemical structures of all four drugs used in the present study are known and published (see Patrick and Markowitz, 1997;Fustero et al, 2006;Sun et al, 2008).…”

Chemiluminescence detection with separation techniques for bioanalytical applications

“…Determination of ethamsylate, tramadol, and lidocaine in human urine [89], sulpiride and tiapride in human urine [90], psychotropic drugs in human urine [91], ethambutol and methoxyphenamine in human plasma [92], atenolol and metoprolol in human urine [93], trimethylamine in fish [94], lidocaine, praline and lomefloxacin in human urine [95], levofloxacin and norfloxacin in human urine [96], clarithromycin in human plasma and urine [97], clindamycin in human urine [98], amphetamines in human urine [99], and ascorbic acid in rat hepatocyte cells [100] have been reported.…”

Electrochemiluminescence detection of methamphetamine based on a Ru(bpy)32+‐doped silica nanoparticles/Nafion composite film modified electrode

“…As a result, the determination of METH has attracted attention. So far, many methods have been used, including gas chromatography, [30] HPLC, [31] gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS), [32] chromatography-mass spec-trometry (LC-MS), [33] solid-phase microextraction-capillary zone electrophoresis [34] and capillary electrophoresis electrochemical/ electrochemiluminescence [35] for quantifying METH in hair, [29] plasma [31] or urine. [36] However, for these methods, expensive equipment and a long testing time are needed.…”