Analysis of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Peru under Climate Impacts Using System Dynamics Modeling

Aranoglu, Fatih; Flamand, Tülay; Düzgün, Şebnem

doi:10.3390/su14127390

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…By applying, the population's death factor is zero, other than the victims of workers working in the gold mining sector. This procedure follows the approach of [37], stating that the normative prevention of mining workers needs to be supported by harmony in substantial occupational safety and health. Aside from input factors, prevention considerations view the output as an effort to involve ASGM activities in the disasters that have occurred directly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience Capability of Indigenous People Affected by Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities: A Prevention Approach

Mamola,

Widagso,

Herdiansyah

2024

Sustainability

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This research addresses three main review points related to the harmful practices of artisanal and small-scale gold mining and the appropriateness of prevention approaches to resilience for local residents’ environments. First, the focus is on cases of illegal mining exploitation in North Rarowatu and Lantari Jaya, with emphasis on the aspects of disaster risk management and prevention approaches in construction areas. Second, focus is given to the abundance of gold grains in the mining area, which attracts the author to utilize a dynamic system approach to explore whether a progressive restructuring exists for avoiding casualties in the mining area. Third, the precautionary accuracy of the security forces and the government are given focus to emphasize the prohibition of mercury absorption as a mining method. This research utilizes a system dynamics methodology to investigate the review of preventive approaches for maintaining the resilience of local communities and the determinants of small-scale gold mining activities by considering other empirical testing models. This study finds that a 30–50% increase in gold production significantly results in hydrological pollution due to mercury content, increased worker deaths, and unending damage to resident ecosystems, with minimal preventive capabilities in the pre-illegal artisanal and small-scale gold mining period. Moreover, this study offers an input and output prevention approach to controlling the number of illegal gold miners while protecting the environmental resilience of local residents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience Capability of Indigenous People Affected by Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities: A Prevention Approach

Mamola,

Widagso,

Herdiansyah

2024

Sustainability

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“…In Colombia, for instance, illegal mining in the departments of Chocó and Nariño has caused water contamination, deforestation, and security and violence problems in the region [78]. In Peru, illegal mining in the Madre de Dios region has resulted in contamination of the Amazon River and deforestation of large forest areas [79]. In addition, countries such as Indonesia, Tanzania, and Ghana, have reported the impact of mining activities on the environment and their negative effects on the surrounding populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks to Human Health from Mercury in Gold Mining in the Coastal Region of Ecuador

Mestanza-Ramón,

Jiménez-Oyola,

Cedeño-Laje

et al. 2024

Toxics

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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) plays a crucial role in global gold production. However, the adoption of poor mining practices or the use of mercury (Hg) in gold recovery processes has generated serious environmental contamination events. The focus of this study is assessing the concentration of Hg in surface waters within the coastal region of Ecuador. The results are used to conduct a human health risk assessment applying deterministic and probabilistic methods, specifically targeting groups vulnerable to exposure in affected mining environments. Between April and June 2022, 54 water samples were collected from rivers and streams adjacent to mining areas to determine Hg levels. In the health risk assessment, exposure routes through water ingestion and dermal contact were considered for both adults and children, following the model structures outlined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The results indicate elevated Hg concentrations in two of the five provinces studied, El Oro and Esmeraldas, where at least 88% and 75% of the samples, respectively, exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) set by Ecuadorian regulations for the preservation of aquatic life. Furthermore, in El Oro province, 28% of the samples exceeded the MPL established for drinking water quality. The high concentrations of Hg could be related to illegal mining activity that uses Hg for gold recovery. Regarding the human health risk assessment, risk values above the safe exposure limit were estimated. Children were identified as the most vulnerable receptor. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish effective regulations that guarantee the protection of river users in potentially contaminated areas. Finally, it is important to continue investigating the contamination caused by human practices in the coastal region.

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“…Other impacts that occur in gold mining activities in the Santurban Paramo are the social impacts, which by generating employment with the implementation of these activities in the region, there are serious problems for people who are directly or indirectly related to mercury, bringing with it negative impacts related to diseases from mercury contamination and health damage that will be shown later in the research, the exploitation of labor since in most ACSes minors are used to carry out this activity without any protection whatsoever (Aranoglu, Flamand, & Duzgun, 2022;Espin, 2023;Malca, Dunin-Borkowski, Bustamante, Reaño, & Armas, 2023).…”

Section: Environment Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the environmental and human health impacts of mercury use in gold mining in the Santurban Paramo area

Moreno,

Ortega-Ramirez

2024

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Illegal mining is a problem that currently affects the vegetation cover of Colombia due to the environmental liabilities and the damage it causes to the environment in the eagerness to obtain gold in an easy way by using mercury. For this reason, this article presents a detailed bibliographical review of the environmental, social and economic problems of artisanal mining in the Santurban Paramo due to the inappropriate use of mercury and its impact on both the environment and the health of the people who perform this activity, describing first of all the importance of the Paramo in relation to the protection of its ecosystem and biodiversity; secondly, mercury as an imminent danger due to its use and the effects of the activity taking into account the policies and regulations carried out for the preservation and reduction of environmental contamination generated by the bad practices of artisanal mining and finally, the environmental and human health impacts due to direct and indirect contact with mercury. As a result of this research, although artisanal mining represents an important role for the survival of the community, it is necessary to implement continuous improvement strategies to reduce the use of mercury due to the problems caused by this dangerous metal both for the environment and the water source fundamental for the life of the Santurban Paramo and for the health of the people, where education and environmental awareness gain more strength for the protection and preservation of this natural reserve in Colombia.

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Analysis of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Peru under Climate Impacts Using System Dynamics Modeling

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

Resilience Capability of Indigenous People Affected by Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities: A Prevention Approach

Resilience Capability of Indigenous People Affected by Small-Scale Gold Mining Activities: A Prevention Approach

Risks to Human Health from Mercury in Gold Mining in the Coastal Region of Ecuador

Review of the environmental and human health impacts of mercury use in gold mining in the Santurban Paramo area

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