Analysis of Brain Activity Changes Evoked by Virtual Reality Stimuli Based on EEG Spectral Analysis. A Preliminary Study.

Wawrzyk, Martyna; Wesołowska, Kinga; Plechawska–Wójcik, Małgorzata; Szymczyk, Tomasz

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99981-4_21

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…These results suggest that alpha band power could be significantly related to the VR experience. The previous VR based driving simulation experiments have mainly reported changes in alpha band (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) [38,39], when participants felt tired after VR experiences. The increase in alpha band power has been shown to be negatively related to cortical activity [40][41][42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In EEG experiments, visual fatigue is indicated by increased low frequency band amplitude and decreased high frequency band amplitude after a VR experience. In particular, Wawrzyk et al [9] observed increased alpha wave activity after participants watched VR simulations with special goggles intended to arouse emotions, such as anger, fear, or excitement. Furthermore, increases in delta and theta activity [10], as well as a decrease in beta activity [11], have been found during visual fatigue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychophysiological Alteration After Virtual Reality Experiences Using Smartphone-Assisted Head Mount Displays: An EEG-Based Source Localization Study

et al. 2019

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Brain functional changes could be observed in people after an experience of virtual reality (VR). The present study investigated cyber sickness and changes of brain regional activity using electroencephalogram (EEG)-based source localization, before and after a VR experience involving a smartphone-assisted head mount display. Thirty participants (mean age = 25 years old) were recruited. All were physically healthy and had no ophthalmological diseases. Their corrected vision was better than 20/20. Resting state EEG and the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) were measured before and after the VR experience. Source activity of each frequency band was calculated using the sLORETA program. After the VR experience, the SSQ total score and sub scores (nausea, oculomotor symptoms, and disorientation) were significantly increased, and brain source activations were significantly increased: alpha1 activity in the cuneus and alpha2 activity in the cuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG). The change of SSQ score (after–before) showed significant negative correlation with the change of PCG activation (after–before) in the alpha2 band. The study demonstrated increased cyber sickness and increased alpha band power in the cuneus and PCG after the VR experience. Reduced PCG activation in alpha band may be associated with the symptom severity of cyber sickness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychophysiological Alteration After Virtual Reality Experiences Using Smartphone-Assisted Head Mount Displays: An EEG-Based Source Localization Study

et al. 2019

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“…Other studies that followed a similar protocol as ours have suggested that decreased alpha power is a sign of cybersickness ( Naqvi et al, 2015 ; Liu et al, 2017 ). However, several studies have reported that alpha power increases after watching a stimulus ( Chuang et al, 2016 ; Wawrzyk et al, 2018 ). Thus, EEG results may vary depending on whether it is presenting a visual stimulus or whether it is measured after the visual stimulation disappears.…”

Section: Limitation Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroencephalogram microstates and functional connectivity of cybersickness

Nam

Jang

Kwon

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Virtual reality (VR) is a rapidly developing technology that simulates the real world. However, for some cybersickness-susceptible people, VR still has an unanswered problem—cybersickness—which becomes the main obstacle for users and content makers. Sensory conflict theory is a widely accepted theory for cybersickness. It proposes that conflict between afferent signals and internal models can cause cybersickness. This study analyzes the brain states that determine cybersickness occurrence and related uncomfortable feelings. Furthermore, we use the electroencephalogram (EEG) microstates and functional connectivity approach based on the sensory conflict theory. The microstate approach is a time–space analysis method that allows signals to be divided into several temporarily stable states, simultaneously allowing for the exploration of short- and long-range signals. These temporal dynamics can show the disturbances in mental processes associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions of cybersickness. Furthermore, the functional connectivity approach gives us in-depth insight and relationships between the sources related to cybersickness. We recruited 40 males (24.1 ± 2.3 years), and they watched a VR video on a curved computer monitor for 10 min to experience cybersickness. We recorded the 5-min resting state EEG (baseline condition) and 10-min EEG while watching the VR video (task condition). Then, we performed a microstate analysis, focusing on two temporal parameters: mean duration and global explained variance (GEV). Finally, we obtained the functional connectivity data using eLoreta and lagged phase synchronization (LPS). We discovered five sets of microstates (A–E), including four widely reported canonical microstates (A–D), during baseline and task conditions. The average duration increased in microstates A and B, which is related to the visual and auditory networks. The GEV and duration decreased in microstate C, whereas those in microstate D increased. Microstate C is related to the default mode network (DMN) and D to the attention network. The temporal dynamics of the microstate parameters are from cybersickness disturbing the sensory, DMN, and attention networks. In the functional connectivity part, the LPS between the left and right parietal operculum (OP) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared with the baseline condition. Furthermore, the connectivity between the right OP and V5 significantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results also support the disturbance of the sensory network because a conflict between the visual (V5) and vestibular system (OP) causes cybersickness. Changes in the microstates and functional connectivity support the sensory conflict theory. These results may provide additional information in understanding brain dynamics during cybersickness.

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“…Neural oscillations are rhythmic or repetitive patterns of nerve activity during normal brain functioning. The changes in VR sickness and brain region activity before and after VR experiences using Head Mounted Device (HMD) have been studied by using electroencephalography (EEG) [Slobounov et al 2015;Wawrzyk et al 2018]. Understanding how abnormal symptoms during VR experience modulates these neural oscillations make the relation clear between neural oscillations and VR sickness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%