Analysis of Breast Milk

Lönnerdal, Bo; Smith, Connie; Keen, Carl L.

doi:10.1097/00005176-198403000-00023

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The protein content of the breast milk was determined as per the methods of Choi et al (34). The true protein content was determined by subtracting the nonprotein nitrogen from the total nitrogen and multiplying this by 6.25 (35).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota at Multiple Body Sites during Pregnancy in a Rural Tanzanian Population and Effects of Moringa-Supplemented Probiotic Yogurt

Bisanz

Enos

PrayGod

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

108

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The nutritional status of pregnant women is vital for healthy outcomes and is a concern for a large proportion of the world's population. The role of the microbiota in pregnancy and nutrition is a promising new area of study with potential health ramifications. In many African countries, maternal and infant death and morbidity are associated with malnutrition. Here, we assess the influence of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, supplemented with Moringa plant as a source of micronutrients, on the health and oral, gut, vaginal, and milk microbiotas of 56 pregnant women in Tanzania. In an open-label study design, 26 subjects received yogurt daily, and 30 were untreated during the last two trimesters and for 1 month after birth. Samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and dietary recalls were recorded. Women initially categorized as nourished or undernourished consumed similar calories and macronutrients, which may explain why there was no difference in the microbiota at any body site. Consumption of yogurt increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and decreased Enterobacteriaceae in the newborn feces but had no effect on the mother's microbiota at any body site. The microbiota of the oral cavity and GI tract remained stable over pregnancy, but the vaginal microbiota showed a significant increase in diversity leading up to and after birth. In summary, daily micronutrient-supplemented probiotic yogurt provides a safe, affordable food for pregnant women in rural Tanzania, and the resultant improvement in the gut microbial profile of infants is worthy of further study.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota at Multiple Body Sites during Pregnancy in a Rural Tanzanian Population and Effects of Moringa-Supplemented Probiotic Yogurt

Bisanz

Enos

PrayGod

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

108

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show abstract

“…In one study [15], the total nitrogen content was not reported. However, true protein content was detected by the Lowry method [16]. The calculation of total nitrogen was rendered possible by the evidence that only about 80% of the nitrogen in mature human milk is protein nitrogen [17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amino Acid Profiles in Term and Preterm Human Milk through Lactation: A Systematic Review

et al. 2013

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Amino acid profile is a key aspect of human milk (HM) protein quality. We report a systematic review of total amino acid (TAA) and free amino acid (FAA) profiles, in term and preterm HM derived from 13 and 19 countries, respectively. Of the 83 studies that were critically reviewed, 26 studies with 3774 subjects were summarized for TAA profiles, while 22 studies with 4747 subjects were reviewed for FAA. Effects of gestational age, lactation stage, and geographical region were analyzed by Analysis of Variance. Data on total nitrogen (TN) and TAA composition revealed general inter-study consistency, whereas FAA concentrations varied among studies. TN and all TAA declined in the first two months of lactation and then remained relatively unchanged. In contrast, the FAA glutamic acid and glutamine increased, peaked around three to six months, and then declined. Some significant differences were observed for TAA and FAA, based on gestational age and region. Most regional TAA and FAA data were derived from Asia and Europe, while information from Africa was scant. This systematic review represents a useful evaluation of the amino acid composition of human milk, which is valuable for the assessment of protein quality of breast milk substitutes.

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“…Some authors have also suggested that when using the creamatocrit method it is necessary to standardize the procedure for the individual laboratory to account for the effect s of repeated freezing, varying temperatures, etc . (6,26). This concern led to our decision to recommend the tot al lipid assay as the routine procedure even if there were some problems with the standard .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple and Rapid Macronutrient Analysis of Human Milk for Individualized Fortification

Polberger,

Lönnerdal

1993

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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SummaryFeeding human milk exclusively to the very‐low‐birth‐weight infant may lead to insufficient intakes of protein and energy. Although the milk is therefore often supplemented with protein and additional calories, there is usually no prior information on its macronutrient composition. If such data were available, it would be possible to individualize the fortification of the milk. To find simple, rapid, and inexpensive methods of enriching it, we evaluated existing macronutrient assays of human milk. Thirty frozen samples of early human milk (3–20 days of lactation) were analyzed for contents of protein (Kjeldahl, Lowry, and Bio‐Rad protein assays), fat (Folch, total lipids assay, and creamatocrit), and carbohydrates (lactose and orcinol assays). The methods were modified to minimize cost and time. From these data, we find it appropriate to recommend the use of the Lowry (or, alternatively, the Bio‐Rad) protein assay, the total lipids assay, and the orcinol carbohydrate assay for reasonably accurate determinations of the protein and energy contents of human milk. Because the variation in the carbohydrate content of human milk is very small, a more simple alternative approach would be to include only an average carbohydrate value for an estimate of energy content. These low‐cost methods can be used in all laboratories affiliated to neonatal units taking care of preterm infants. Such individualized fortification should serve to further improve the nutritional management of very‐low‐birth‐weight infants.

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Analysis of Breast Milk

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Microbiota at Multiple Body Sites during Pregnancy in a Rural Tanzanian Population and Effects of Moringa-Supplemented Probiotic Yogurt

Microbiota at Multiple Body Sites during Pregnancy in a Rural Tanzanian Population and Effects of Moringa-Supplemented Probiotic Yogurt

Amino Acid Profiles in Term and Preterm Human Milk through Lactation: A Systematic Review

Simple and Rapid Macronutrient Analysis of Human Milk for Individualized Fortification

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