Analysis of Breast Milk to Assess Exposure to Chlorinated Contaminants in Kazakhstan: Sources of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) Exposures in an Agricultural Region of Southern Kazakhstan

Hooper, Kim; Chuvakova, Tamara; Kazbekova, Gulnara; Hayward, Douglas G.; Tulenova, Asel; Petreas, Myrto; Wade, Timothy J.; Benedict, Kathleen; Cheng, Yingyin; Grassman, Jean

doi:10.2307/3434626

Cited by 12 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the results were similar to our previous analysis of breast milk PCBs, p,p 0 -DDT, p,p 0 -DDE, and HCH levels, in which the contamination levels in the two cities were comparable, although they were higher in the Guangzhou populations (Wong et al, 2002). In other countries, the detectable dioxin concentrations, in terms of chemical-TEQ (C-TEQ), have been 9.6-35 pg/g fat (PCDD/ PCDF) in Sweden (Glynn et al, 2001), 9.9-48.5 pg/g fat (PCDD/PCDF/CoPCB) in Japan (Nakagawa et al, 1999), 16-40.2 pg/g fat (PCDD/PCDF) in the Republic of Uzbekistan (Ataniyazova et al, 2001), 21-53 pg/g fat (PCDD/PCDF) in agricultural regions of southern Kazakhstan (Hooper et al, 1999), and 5.9-17.1 pg/g fat (PCDD/PCDF) in Spain (Schuhmacher et al, 1999). Despite the results indicated above, EROD-TEQ and C-TEQ analyses have particular pros and cons, and thus caution should be taken in when interpreting the data.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxin-like components in human breast milk collected from Hong Kong and Guangzhou

Lai¹,

Li²,

Xu³

et al. 2004

Environmental Research

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Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dioxin-like components in human breast milk collected from Hong Kong and Guangzhou

Lai¹,

Li²,

Xu³

et al. 2004

Environmental Research

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“…However, a hot spot of TCDD (body burdens up to 212 pg/g lipid) was found in a cottongrowing region in southern Kazakhstan. In this region, body burdens of TCDD and β-hexachlorocyclohexane averaged 10-fold higher than levels found in European or U.S. populations (37)(38)(39).…”

Section: Examples Of Body-burden Monitoring Using Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not clear, however, that breast-feeding rates are lower in the United States than in other industrialized nations because of fear of contaminants, nor is it clear that talk of contaminants discourages breast-feeding. In southern Kazakhstan, mothers are aware of environmental contamination, but breast-feeding is nearly universal (37)(38)(39). Likewise, in Sweden and Norway, awareness of contaminants is high, but breast-feeding rates are higher than in the United States (80-90% vs. 65-70%) (40).…”

Section: Value Of Breast-feeding Educationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have conducted community-based monitoring studies to measure body burdens of POPs using breast milk as the sampling matrix (37)(38)(39)48). These studies have established background levels, identified hot spots, and triggered follow-up health outcome studies (49,50).…”

Section: Examples Of Body-burden Monitoring Using Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies have established background levels, identified hot spots, and triggered follow-up health outcome studies (49,50). Breast milk donors are selected according to the WHO criteria (26), and standardized consent forms, exposure assessment questionnaires, and sample collection and storage protocols are used (37)(38)(39). Donors are recruited from WIC Clinics or maternal and child health clinics.…”

Section: Examples Of Body-burden Monitoring Using Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lessons from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk.

Hooper

She

2003

Environ Health Perspect

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Levels of chemicals in humans (body burdens) are useful indicators of environmental quality and of community health. Chemical body burdens are easily monitored using breast milk samples collected from first-time mothers (primiparae) with infants 2-8 weeks of age. Currently, there is no body-burden monitoring program using breast milk in the United States, although ad hoc systems operate successfully in several European countries. In this article we describe the value of such monitoring and important considerations of how it might be accomplished, drawing from our experiences with pilot monitoring projects. Breast milk has several advantages as a sampling matrix: It is simple and noninvasive, with samples collected by the mother. It monitors body burdens in reproductive-age women and it estimates in utero and nursing-infant exposures, all important to community health. Time-trend data from breast milk monitoring serve as a warning system that identifies chemicals whose body burdens and human exposures are increasing. Time trends also serve as a report card on how well past regulatory actions have reduced environmental chemical exposures. Body-burden monitoring using breast milk should include educational programs that encourage breast-feeding. Finally, and most important, clean breast milk matters to people and leads to primary prevention--the limiting of chemical exposures. We illustrate these advantages with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a formerly obscure group of brominated flame retardants that rose to prominence and were regulated in Sweden when residue levels were found to be rapidly increasing in breast milk. A community-based body-burden monitoring program using breast milk could be set up in the United States in collaboration with the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). WIC has a large number of lactating first-time mothers: It has 6,000 clinics nationwide and serves almost half (47%) the infants born in the United States. Educational programs (e.g., those run by WIC) are needed that encourage breast-feeding, especially in lower-income communities where breast-feeding rates are low and where breast-feeding may help protect the infant from the effects of environmental chemical exposures. Education is also needed about reducing chemical body burdens. A body-burden monitoring program would provide valuable data on time trends, background levels, and community hot spots in need of mitigation and follow-up health studies; develop analytic methods for new chemicals of concern; and archive breast milk samples for future analyses of other agents.

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Reporting results of biomonitoring studies

Foster

Agzarian

2006

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Analysis of Breast Milk to Assess Exposure to Chlorinated Contaminants in Kazakhstan: Sources of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) Exposures in an Agricultural Region of Southern Kazakhstan

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Dioxin-like components in human breast milk collected from Hong Kong and Guangzhou

Dioxin-like components in human breast milk collected from Hong Kong and Guangzhou

Lessons from the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): precautionary principle, primary prevention, and the value of community-based body-burden monitoring using breast milk.

Reporting results of biomonitoring studies

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