Analysis of Cadmium Contamination in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Using Visible-Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Zhou, Lina; Zhou, Leijinyu; Wu, Hongbo; Kong, Lijuan; Li, Jinsheng; Qiao, Jianlei; Chen, Limei

doi:10.3390/s23239562

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 16 publications

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“…The above phenomenon indicates that low concentrations of cadmium have a promoting effect on chlorophyll synthesis, while high concentrations of cadmium have an inhibitory effect on chlorophyll synthesis. Although nitrate can also promote chlorophyll synthesis [ 27 , 28 ], Jia et al [ 29 ] reached the same conclusion using cadmium chloride. Therefore, it can be considered that cadmium plays a dominant role in affecting chlorophyll synthesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis Technique in Studying the Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to Cadmium Stress

Zhou,

et al. 2024

Sensors

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To reveal the impact of cadmium stress on the physiological mechanism of lettuce, simultaneous determination and correlation analyses of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic function were conducted using lettuce seedlings as the research subject. The changes in relative chlorophyll content, rapid chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics curve, and related chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of lettuce seedling leaves under cadmium stress were detected and analyzed. Furthermore, a model for estimating relative chlorophyll content was established. The results showed that cadmium stress at 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg had a promoting effect on the relative chlorophyll content, while cadmium stress at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg had an inhibitory effect on the relative chlorophyll content. Moreover, with the extension of time, the inhibitory effect became more pronounced. Cadmium stress affects both the donor and acceptor sides of photosystem II in lettuce seedling leaves, damaging the electron transfer chain and reducing energy transfer in the photosynthetic system. It also inhibits water photolysis and decreases electron transfer efficiency, leading to a decline in photosynthesis. However, lettuce seedling leaves can mitigate photosystem II damage caused by cadmium stress through increased thermal dissipation. The model established based on the energy captured by a reaction center for electron transfer can effectively estimate the relative chlorophyll content of leaves. This study demonstrates that chlorophyll fluorescence techniques have great potential in elucidating the physiological mechanism of cadmium stress in lettuce, as well as in achieving synchronized determination and correlation analyses of chlorophyll content and photosynthetic function.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis Technique in Studying the Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to Cadmium Stress

Zhou,

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Efficacy of malic and tartaric acid in mitigation of cadmium stress in Spinacia oleracea; Modulations in Physiological and Biochemical Attributes

Shabbir,

Shah,

Usman

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The increasing level of cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil due to the actions of humans is a significant problem. This problem not only harms the natural environment, but it also causes major harm to human health via the food chain. The use of chelating agent is useful strategy to improve the heavy metal. This research aimed to mitigate Cd stress by application of organic acids i.e., malic (MA) and tartaric acid (TA). We evaluated the physiological and biochemical features, growth traits of Spinacia oleracea L. under Cd stress. Soil was treated with 100 µM Cd, as well as two dosages of foliar sprays (100 and 150 µM) of MA and TA were applied. The results of this study revealed that exogenously applied 100 µM Cd significantly reduced root and shoot length as well as fresh and dry weight, leaf number, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters, Soil plant analysis development (SPAD), and increase the antioxidants of S. oleracea. Malic and tartaric acids (100 and 150µM) both at 2 level may lower Cd concentrations while also enhancing nutrient uptake and accumulation in treated plants exposed to the Cd environment. Malic and Tartaric acid both overcome the toxicity caused by Cd stress in S. oleracea. When these organic chelates used they have significant effect on all morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters. These finding also demonstrates that TA and MA, when used together, have the ability to reduce Cd-induced phytotoxicity by reducing Cd uptake and enhancing plant development parameters.

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Estimation of Relative Chlorophyll Content in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Leaves under Cadmium Stress Using Visible—Near-Infrared Reflectance and Machine-Learning Models

Zhou,

Wu,

Jing

et al. 2024

Agronomy

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Chlorophyll content is a crucial assessment parameter in the growth monitoring of lettuce, particularly in cases when it is affected by disease. Accurate estimation of chlorophyll content is beneficial for early detection and prevention of diseases and holds significant importance in practical production. To construct a model for estimating the chlorophyll content in lettuce leaves under cadmium stress, this study utilized lettuce as the experimental material. The visible–near-infrared reflectance spectra of lettuce leaves, as well as the relative chlorophyll content of the leaves, were detected and analyzed under different concentrations of cadmium stress. Subsequently, an inversion model for estimating the relative chlorophyll content in lettuce leaves was established. First, to determine the optimal spectral preprocessing method, eight techniques are utilized: Savitzky–Golay smoothing (SG), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variable transformation (SNV), mean normalization (MN), baseline offset (B), detrending (D), gap derivatives—first derivative (FD), and gap derivatives—second derivative (SD). These methods are used to preprocess the spectra and establish a partial least squares regression (PLSR) monitoring model. The optimal spectral preprocessing method is then selected. Next, the feature bands are extracted from the preprocessed spectral data using the correlation coefficient method. Finally, the selected feature bands will be combined with support vector regression (SVR) to establish a chlorophyll content estimation model using a training-to-testing set ratio of 4:1. The results showed that the PLSR model established after preprocessing with detrending (D) had the highest accuracy, with the coefficient of determination (Rv2) and root mean squared error (RMSEv) values of 0.87 and 1.21, respectively. The feature bands selected by the correlation coefficient method were used to establish SVR models for estimating the chlorophyll content of lettuce leaves under cadmium stress, with the highest accuracy being achieved by the genetic algorithm (GA)–SVR model. It can be seen that near-infrared spectroscopy technology provides a scientific basis for rapid, nondestructive, and accurate detection of lettuce diseases and stress.

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Analysis of Cadmium Contamination in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Using Visible-Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis Technique in Studying the Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to Cadmium Stress

Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis Technique in Studying the Response of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to Cadmium Stress

Efficacy of malic and tartaric acid in mitigation of cadmium stress in Spinacia oleracea; Modulations in Physiological and Biochemical Attributes

Estimation of Relative Chlorophyll Content in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Leaves under Cadmium Stress Using Visible—Near-Infrared Reflectance and Machine-Learning Models

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