Analysis of cancer drugs receiving FDA’s Accelerated Approval between 1992 and 2021

Abstract

Objectives This cross-sectional study examines the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Accelerated Approval (AA) pathway for cancer drugs from 1992 to 2021, which expedites the development and approval of new drugs, including biologics, for severe or life-threatening conditions such as cancers. Methods Based on the ‘CDER Drug and Biologic AAs Based on a Surrogate Endpoint’ report, the number of indications where anticancer agents received AA and the conversion rates to Full Approval (FA) were analysed. Outcome measures used in phase II and phase III trials for these drugs were obtained from US National Library of Medicine for comparison. Key findings Of the 278 AA-granted indications, 67% were for anticancer agents. Lymphoma, leukemia, and lung cancer had the highest number of AA indications among all cancer types. The conversion rates to FA varied among periods: Early (1995–2003), Middle (2004–2012), and Late (2013–2021). The conversion rates for drugs were 82%, 79%, and 31%, while biologics exhibited rates of 100%, 78%, and 27%, respectively. The overall response rate was often the primary outcome measure in phase II trials, whereas overall survival and progression-free survival were the common outcome measures in phase III trials. Secondary outcome measures included disease control rate and duration of response. Conclusions This study provides valuable insights for stakeholders seeking to understand the approval criteria and processes for cancer drugs via the AA pathway. However, limitations in data availability, phase-specific variations in drug doses and combinations, and the inability to manage uncertain data should be acknowledged. Research on the AA program to non-cancer drugs is also required.