“…The goal of classification is to assign a single label to the whole image, for example, whether a chest X-ray shows signs of pneumonia or not. These tasks can be binary (i.e., yes/no labels), multiclass (selecting one option from more than two choices that are mutually exclusive, e.g., viral pneumonia/bacterial pneumonia/COVID), or multi-label (where there is potential for the co-occurrence of conditions, e.g., having both cardiomegaly and pleural effusion) [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Of the included studies, 869 used a classification model in a part of their pipelines.…”