Analysis of Carprofen Dosage Forms and Drug Substance by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Ross, Andréanne; Mauro, Massimo; Sokoloff, Helen; Casey, Dennis L.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600730907

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 8 publications

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“…Isolation of the photoproducts was carried out by the same reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography using the above-mentioned conditions. Compounds 1b and 2a,b (Chart 1) have been previously described and were characterized by their spectral properties (13,22,23). In some experiments the free carboxylic acids (1a and 2a) were derivatized to the corresponding methyl esters (1c and 2c) by treatment with methanol/sulfuric acid (5%) under reflux for 2 h. The structures were assigned by mass spectrometry.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photophysical and Photochemical Characterization of a Photosensitizing Drug: A Combined Steady State Photolysis and Laser Flash Photolysis Study on Carprofen

Boscá

Encinas

Heelis

et al. 1997

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Carprofen (1a) is a photosensitizing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It undergoes photodehalogenation from its triplet excited state. The resulting aryl radical (II) is able to abstract hydrogen atoms from model lipids, mediating their peroxidation by a type I mechanism. This aryl radical intermediate appears to be responsible for the observed photobiological effects of carprofen. The active involvement of the triplet state has been confirmed by direct detection of this species in laser flash photolysis and by quenching experiments with cyclohexadiene and naphthalene. Carprofen also photosensitizes singlet oxygen production with a quantum yield of 0.32. A minor reaction pathway is photodecarboxylation, which occurs from the excited singlet state and leads to an acetyl derivative (1b). In the case of the dehalogenated photoproduct (2a), photodecarboxylation to the ethyl (2d) and acetyl (2b) derivatives, together with singlet oxygen production (quantum yield = 0.18), is also possible. However, the biological activity of 2a in the linoleic acid photoperoxidation and photohemolysis tests is markedly lower than that of 1a, which constitutes further evidence in favor of the important role of photodehalogenation in the adverse photobiological effects of carprofen.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photophysical and Photochemical Characterization of a Photosensitizing Drug: A Combined Steady State Photolysis and Laser Flash Photolysis Study on Carprofen

Boscá

Encinas

Heelis

et al. 1997

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Stability-Indicating High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay Method and Photostability of Carprofen

Chen

Chu

et al. 2001

Journal of Chromatographic Science

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A rapid, sensitive, and accurate stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method for determining the degradation of carprofen (CPF) is developed and validated under acidic, basic, or photo-irradiated conditions. The analysis is monitored with a Cosmosil 5C18-AR column using a mobile phase of CH3CN-H2O-AcOH (50:49:1, v/v/v) at 260 nm. The developed method satisfies the system suitability criteria, peak integrity, and resolution among the parent drug and its degradation products. The results indicate that the established assay method shows good selectivity and specificity suitable for stability measurements of CPF. CPF is found to be more sensitive to exposure to light and in acidic conditions, but it is stable in a basic medium. The kinetic study of the photodegradation of CPF follows an apparent first-order reaction in a variety of solvents. The solvent effects on the rates of degradation are in the decreasing order of chloroform > dichloromethane > methanol > ethanol > 2-propanol, which is irrelevant to the dielectric constant epsilon. However, the hydrogen-donating ability of the solvents is essential to the photochemical decomposition of CPF. A plot of log k versus the Kirkwood function exhibits a linear relationship in aqueous ethanolic solutions, which implies that degradation proceeds via an ionic mechanism.

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Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Medicine: Balancing Safety and Innovation

et al. 2021

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With increasing integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in medicine, there are concerns that algorithm inaccuracy could lead to patient injury and medical liability. While prior work has focused on medical malpractice, the artificial intelligence ecosystem consists of multiple stakeholders beyond clinicians. Current liability frameworks are inadequate to encourage both safe clinical implementation and disruptive innovation of artificial intelligence. Several policy options could ensure a more balanced liability system, including altering the standard of care, insurance, indemnification, special/no‐fault adjudication systems, and regulation. Such liability frameworks could facilitate safe and expedient implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical care.

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Analysis of Carprofen Dosage Forms and Drug Substance by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Photophysical and Photochemical Characterization of a Photosensitizing Drug: A Combined Steady State Photolysis and Laser Flash Photolysis Study on Carprofen

Photophysical and Photochemical Characterization of a Photosensitizing Drug: A Combined Steady State Photolysis and Laser Flash Photolysis Study on Carprofen

Stability-Indicating High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay Method and Photostability of Carprofen

Artificial Intelligence and Liability in Medicine: Balancing Safety and Innovation

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