Analysis of Climate Variability in a Time Series of Precipitation and Temperature Data: A Case Study in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

Abstract

Anthropogenic climate change is a global trend, hitherto incontrovertible, causing immense social and economic damage. Although the this is evident at the global level, at the local level, there is still debate about the most appropriate analyses to support this fact. This debate is particularly relevant in developing countries, such as Colombia, where there is a significant lack of data at the local level that require analysis and interpretation. Consequently, studies are often superficially conducted to support climate change theory at the local level. However, such studies are then used to design hydraulic infrastructure, with potential catastrophic errors for human and environmental health. In this study, we sought evidence of climate change through an analysis of a series of data on temperature (maximum, mean and minimum), as well as total annual and maximum rainfall in 24 h registered at the Rafael Nuñez Airport station in the city of Cartagena, Colombia, from 1941 to 2015. The hypotheses of homogeneity, trend, stationarity and non-stationarity were analyzed. Problems of non-homogeneity and the presence of periodicity in the analyzed series were found, showing a trend and apparent non-stationarity in the original series. This could be associated with the effects of climate change. In this case, no correlation was found between temperatures and rainfall. Spectral analysis was performed for all series, and residual series were generated by extracting the harmonics of greatest significance. It was found that the series data generated from the third harmonic are generally stationary and without trend. Therefore, the trend and non-stationarity of the original series are due to problems of non-homogeneity and periodicity in the series. In the results of the stationarity test conducted according to the Phillips–Perron criterion, all series were non-stationary. For the two additional criteria of stationarity tests, 40% were shown to be stationary, and 60% were non-stationary. Specifically, non-homogeneity problems and apparent trends associated with climate change could have negative implications for the design of drainage systems.

Analysis of the Impact of Hydraulic Gates on a Stabilized Tidal Inlet Structure: Mathematical Model and Data Measurements

“…The Rafael Núñez Airport station is the only one that contains rainfall data in the city of Cartagena for the analyzed period. No evidence of climate change effects were found in the rainfall values recorded at the analyzed station [24]. It is worth noting that on the 14 November 2020, a rainfall event commenced at 2:40 h and concluded at 17:30 h, accumulating a total daily precipitation of 142.55 mm.…”

An Investigation on the Effect of Outliers for Flood Frequency Analysis: The Case of the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, Turkey

“…At first, it is vital to investigate the series for homogeneity to determine that there is no significant difference in the causative hydrological processes. The Buishand homogeneity test, frequently used in the literature, has been evaluated to determine no significant change in the data series [40][41][42][43]. Accordingly, from the data of these three stations, it is seen that there is no significant difference in the limit values between the 99% and 95% confidence intervals, and it is accepted that the series are suitable for frequency analysis.…”