Analysis of co-extrusion process for preparation of gradient index plastic optical fiber

Hsu, Jyh‐Ping; Lin, Sze‐Kwan

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00575-5

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…GRIN prepared by inter-diffusion involves either the exchange of ions at the surface of inorganic glass immersed in an ionic bath [149,150,152] (see Figure 6a), or diffusion of miscible monomers/pre-polymer solutions having different RI, [12,153,163] respectively. Polymeric OGMs are prepared through several diffusion-based techniques such as diffusion copolymerization, [153,164,165] extrusion copolymerization, [166][167][168] interfacial gel copolymerization, [169][170][171] photo-copolymerization, [146,172,173] centrifugal diffusing polymerization, [148,166,168] suspension polymerization, [174,175] etc. For a given set of iso-index materials, the difference in respective RI defines the magnitude of the gradient, [148,166,168] and the difference in densities determines the direction of the gradient.…”

Section: Optical Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Pragya

Ghosh

2023

Advanced Materials

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Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design. Traditionally, hard materials (e.g., metals, ceramics) have been used to design and fabricate FGMs; however, there has been increasing interest in polymer‐based soft and compliant FGMs mainly because of their potential application in the human environment. Soft FGMs are not only ideally suitable to manage interfacial problems in dissimilar materials used in many emerging devices and systems for human interaction, such as soft robotics and electronic textiles and beyond. Soft systems are ubiquitous in our everyday lives; they are resilient and can easily deform, absorb energy and adapt to changing environments. Here, we discuss the basic design and functional principles of biological FGMs and their manmade counterparts using representative examples. The remarkable multifunctional properties of natural FGMs resulting from their sophisticated hierarchical structures, built from a relatively limited choice of materials, offer a rich source of new design paradigms and manufacturing strategies for manmade materials and systems for emerging technological needs. Finally, we highlight the challenges and potential pathways to leverage soft materials' facile processability and unique properties to wards functional FGMs.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Optical Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Pragya

Ghosh

2023

Advanced Materials

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“…To calculate the refractive index distribution from the concentration distribution in the radial direction, we use the Lorentz-Lorenz formula (Hsu and Lin 2003):…”

Section: Numerical Model For Grin Lens Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance evaluation of GRIN lenses by ray tracing method

et al. 2010

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Plastic gradient-index lenses produce clear images with negligible aberration and distortion. One of the methods for fabricating these lenses involves pulling up the core fiber vertically from a polymer solution whose refractive index has been adjusted to the desired value. Since the molecules from the solution diffuse into the inner layer, the monomer components are distributed in the radial direction. The monomer distribution is fixed in the photopolymerization process, and this forming process is repeated several times with adjusting the composition of the solution; hence, a specific refractive index distribution is obtained. We considered a numerical model of the interdiffusion process and analyzed refractive index distribution that could well reproduce the experimental results. Moreover, we employed the ray tracing method to calculate the modulation transfer function and used the transfer function to evaluate the GRIN lens performance. Simulation results showed that our evaluation method well duplicates the experimental results. We thus developed an integrated simulation method for the fabrication and performance evaluation of GRIN lenses.

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“…A partial exchange of Li + ions with Na + ions occurs, leading to a gradient refractive index at the end of the process . Concerning the GRIN objects made from organic materials, these efforts can be summarized in the literature such as diffusion copolymerization, extrusion copolymerization, plasma copolymerization, swollen gel polymerization, interfacial gel polymerization, suspension–diffusion copolymerization, extrusion, electrophoresis and ion doping (or implanting) . Some of the methods mentioned above are “non‐chemical reaction” systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light induced gradient refractive index materials

Esen

Barghorn

Allonas

2015

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Controlled and patterned variation of refractive index (wavefront) across a lens surface was obtained via the use of “phase mask”. Gradient interpenetrating network was selected to screen the acrylate and epoxy monomer to obtain necessary refractive index change over the lens surface. The best photoinitiator system was determined to give a stable and transparent wavefront as a mixture of 2 wt% Irgacure 250 (I 250), 1 wt% Isopropylthoxanthone (ITX) and 0.5 wt Irgacure 184 (I 184). It is found that a dipropylene glycol diacrylate (SR 508) and a triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TGDM) improved the stability of the transparent wavefront because of higher Tg of the network. Haze problem, a consequence of diffusion of one monomer to other network because of the rate differences, was eliminated with IPN composed of TGDM (an acrylate with slow polymerization rate) and bis (3,4‐epoxy cyclohexylmethyl)adipate (BECMA, an epoxy with fast polymerization rate). A high refractive index additive, bromonaphthalene, resulted the best wavefront with lens power when incorporated into BECMA and TGDM IPN. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Analysis of co-extrusion process for preparation of gradient index plastic optical fiber

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures – Natural and Manmade: A Review

Performance evaluation of GRIN lenses by ray tracing method

Light induced gradient refractive index materials

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