Analysis of contact rates and force of infection of Hand-foot-mouth disease in Chongqing, China

Zhao, Jianan; Xue, Chao; Zhong, Lianfa; Zhao, Jijun

doi:10.1360/n972016-00038

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Since the safety and convenience of construction are not guaranteed when the pile diameter is less than 2 times, a connecting beam should be installed when the spacing is greater than 6 times the pile diameter. Therefore, the spacing between the front and rear rows of piles should be 2-6 times the pile diameter [28][29][30][31]. The size of the rectangular section anti-slide pile set in this section is 1 m × 1 m, the row spacing and column spacing are 2.5 times the pile diameter.…”

Section: Influence Of Anchor Cable Angle On Force and Deformation Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Influence Factors of Anti-Slide Pile with Prestressed Anchor Cable Based on Bearing and Deformation Characteristics of Pile Body

et al. 2023

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In order to deeply study the mechanism of prestressed anchor anti-slide pile, an indoor model experimental device was developed, and a finite difference and particle flow numerical analysis model of slope anchor cable anti-slide pile was established based on the reinforcement project of prestressed anchor cable anti-slide pile in a mountain road slope. Based on the analysis of the force and displacement characteristics of the anti-slide pile, the influence of the prestress of the anchor cable, the inclination angle of the anchor cable, the width and column spacing of the anti-slide pile and the inclination angle of the landslide, the height and nature of the filling soil on the force and deformation characteristics of the pile are discussed, and some design parameters are optimized. Results show that the larger the prestress of the anchor cable, the smaller the displacement of the pile body, but the excessive stress is not conducive to the safety of the pile body. The optimal tension should be 50–70% of the designed tension of the anchor cable. With the increase in the inclination angle of the anchor cable, the displacement of the pile decreases first and then increases, and there is an optimal inclination angle of the anchor cable. In the double row piles, with the increase in pile spacing, the front row piles gradually change from supporting the soil between the double row piles to supporting the sliding body with the back row piles, and the double row piles are plum-shaped. When the pile spacing is 2.5 times the pile diameter, the force of the front and rear piles is the most reasonable. In the process of soil arching evolution, the influence of cohesion on the soil arching effect is greater than that of the internal friction angle.

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Section: Influence Of Anchor Cable Angle On Force and Deformation Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Influence Factors of Anti-Slide Pile with Prestressed Anchor Cable Based on Bearing and Deformation Characteristics of Pile Body

et al. 2023

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“…These findings not only help to explain the temporal and spatial patterns of observed incidence, but also help to develop cost-effective control measures. However, the transmission rate seasonality of HFMD has rarely been studied [11]. Similar to other childhood infectious diseases in developed countries in the prevaccination era, HFMD incidence in East Asia seems to have a cyclical pattern ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transmission of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in East and Southeast Asia

Zhao

Wang

2019

Preprint

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Hand Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is in endemic in many countries in East and Southeast Asia, including those in the tropical or subtropical climate zones. To substantially reduce HFMD, it is necessary to design effective control measures, which is based on a deep understanding of the disease transmission. However, the transmission mechanism of HFMD was rarely studied. The cyclic pattern of HFMD incidence is believed to be related to climatic factors, rather than school terms as observed from childhood infectious diseases in developed countries in the prevaccination era. Furthermore, the association of incidence and climatic factors in different locales in China are inconsistent and even contradictory. Here we selected countries or regions in typical climatic zones in East and Southeast Asia to study the transmission rate and its seasonality for HFMD. Countries or regions selected representing temperate, subtropical and tropical zones are Japan, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR and Singapore. Comparatively, we chose provinces in mainland China in three climate zones and contrast them with above selected regions or countries. We used Time Series Susceptible Infected Recovered (TSIR) model to estimate the HFMD transmission rate. The parameters in the TSIR model were estimated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). We then used a linear regression model to analyze the effects of climate factors, seasonal contact rate in children (and seasonal contact rate in population for provinces in China) on the transmission rate of HFMD in selected regions. We found that: 1) transmission rate of HFMD is highly seasonal in the studied countries, SARs and provinces of mainland China, except Singapore; 2) the HFMD transmission rate can be affected by the climatic factors as well as the seasonal contact rate of population, depending on which factor is dominant; 3) The transmission rate in provinces in China increased dramatically during the time period of Chinese Spring Travel Rush that has higher population contact; 4) transmission rate seasonality in Japan, Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR is affected by climatic factors. Author SummaryHand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFME) is endemic in East and Southeast Asia with reported cases of more than two million every year. The epidemic patterns such as annual cyclic pattern of reported HFMD cases have been observed and studied for the purpose of understanding the disease. The mechanisms that describe how a disease is transmitted cannot be observed, however they lead to the observed epidemic patterns of the disease. We analyzed the transmission rate (that help to understand the transmission mechanism) of HFMD in selected countries or regions that represent territories in tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones in East and Southeast Asia and compared the HFMD transmission in these regions. We also analyzed the possible driving factors of the seasonal transmission of HFMD. The transmission of HFMD can be affected by both social behavior and climatic factors, however either of them can dominant t...

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Analysis of contact rates and force of infection of Hand-foot-mouth disease in Chongqing, China

Cited by 2 publications

References 12 publications

Analysis of Influence Factors of Anti-Slide Pile with Prestressed Anchor Cable Based on Bearing and Deformation Characteristics of Pile Body

Analysis of Influence Factors of Anti-Slide Pile with Prestressed Anchor Cable Based on Bearing and Deformation Characteristics of Pile Body

The transmission of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in East and Southeast Asia

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