“…Drawing from resource based view (Barney, 1991) organizations must optimize unique organizational resources, cannot be imitated by competitors to build competitiveness (Mady, Abdul Halim, & Omar, 2022;Shmygol, Galtsova, Solovyov, Koval, & Arsawan, 2020). At the organizational level, leadership is a unique and inimitable resource (Hartnell et al, 2020;Kim & Beehr, 2018) because leadership is the art of building organizations at all levels (Cheung & Wong, 2011;Hendryadi, Suratna, Suryani, & Purwanto, 2019;Zeb, Abdullah, Hussain, & Safi, 2019) which ultimately builds an organizational culture that supports performance and change (Schell, 2019).…”