“…Individuals started to substitute or complement numerous OH activities, such as travel to work, with IH activities, work from home, and virtual care ( Jones et al, 2020 ). This transformation reshaped the daily OH and IH activities ( Fatmi et al, 2021 ), as well as shifted the burden of energy cost from employers to employees ( Mahfuz Alam & Ali, 2021 ). This change in daily activities increased residential energy usage significantly ( Mahfuz Alam & Ali, 2021 ).…”