Analysis of COVID-19-related psychiatric disorders: clinical manifestations and therapeutic considerations

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, neuropsychiatric disorders have been diagnosed both in the acute phase, and in the aftermath of this disease. Inpatients, as well as outpatients recently diagnosed with mild, moderate or severe forms of Coronavirus infection have reported neuropsychiatric manifestations with variable duration, symptoms that could be directly or indirectly related to the viral pathogenic agent. Patients who are recovering from the acute phase of COVID-19 also may exhibit various psychopathological manifestations, during the so-called “post-COVID-19 syndrome” or “long COVID-19 syndrome”. Explanations regarding the onset of this type of clinical manifestations and the SARS-CoV-2 infection are extremely diverse, ranging from biological factors (e.g., direct central nervous system viral activity, cerebral hypo-oxygenation, high level of inflammatory response) to psycho-social stressors (e.g., isolation, fear of death, anxiety related to possible somatic complications or sequelae). Objectives: The primary objective of this article was to analyze psychiatric manifestations in patients with acute COVID-19 disease and in patients during post-COVID-19 phase. The secondary objective was to propose a conceptual framework for the evaluation and treatment of these patients. Methods: Patients included in this analysis were screened positive for COVID-19 infection in the last 6 months before their first psychiatric examination. These patients were further evaluated to detect any personal history of psychiatric disorders, somatic comorbidities, or significant concomitant pharmacological treatments. Specific scales for the measurement of symptoms severity and functional impairment were administered in all patients. Results: Five patients were included in this analysis, one during the acute phase of COVID-19 infection, and four patients were evaluated after the complete remission of this disease. Hyperactive delirium, mild neurocognitive disorder, major depressive episode, panic disorder with agoraphobia, or acute psychotic disorder were the main diagnoses in these patients. All patients received adequate treatment and they were monitored using psychological scales until symptoms remission or stabilisation. Conclusions: Psychosocial stressors, neurobiological changes, systemic inflammatory reaction, and individual vulnerability factors may contribute to a diathesis-stress model for psychiatric disorders onset within the acute phase or after the remission of acute manifestations in COVID-19-diagnosed patients

Current evidence and future perspectives in the exploration of sleep-related eating disorder–a systematic literature review

“…The quality of sleep may be severely impacted by a broad spectrum of disorders, both organic and psychiatric, and exploring these potential causes, when the patients accuse insomnia, daytime somnolence, fatigability, asthenia, or difficulties in concentration, is necessary to construct adequate case management for these patients. Between these disorders, bruxism, temporomandibular disorders, and pathologies associated with chronic pain are worthy of special exploration due to their severe impact not only on sleep quality but also on overall functionality, quality of life, and general wellbeing (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). The second edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-2) defined SRED as "recurrent episodes of involuntary eating and drinking" with onset during the main sleep period, presenting one or more criteria within the following list: strange or unusual foods, even inedible or toxic compounds; insomnia, nonrestorative sleep, daytime fatigue, somnolence; sleep-related injuries; dangerous behaviors during the episodes of eating; morning anorexia; negative impact of these episodes on personal health.…”