Analysis of differential metabolites of sunflower induced by virulent Verticillium dahlia V33 and hypovirulent Gibellulopsis nigrescens Vn‐1

Abstract

Verticillium wilt is a widespread soil‐borne vascular disease of crops. Hypovirulent strains of pathogens show potential in providing cross‐protection against Verticillium wilt. To identify metabolites associated with the induction of resistance, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based metabolomic technology was used to screen for differential metabolites induced by virulent (Verticillium dahlia V33) and hypovirulent (Gibellulopsis nigrescens Vn‐1) pathogen strains in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) roots. Forty‐eight differential metabolites were detected in the comparison between Vn‐1 and V33 inoculation treatments. Among these differential metabolites, the accumulation of 17 secondary metabolites was significantly higher in response to Vn‐1 inoculation compared with that after V33 inoculation. We selected nine differential metabolites for further analyses. Pyruvate, phenethylamine and 2‐phenylbutyric acid inhibited infection of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by Botrytis cinerea and Phythophthora infestans. Pyruvate, phenethylamine and 2‐phenylbutyric acid induced H2O2 burst at 24 hours post‐spray (hps) treatment of N. benthamiana leaves with these organic acids. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis revealed that pyruvate, phenethylamine and 2‐phenylbutyric acid significantly enhanced the expression of pathogenesis‐related genes at 24 hps, including PR1, NPR1 and PDF1.2. In addition, the activities of peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased. These results indicated that many metabolites were differentially induced by hypovirulent and virulent pathogen strains and were involved in resistance of sunflower against Verticillium wilt. Pyruvate, 2‐phenylbutyric acid and phenethylamine show potential for induction of plant resistance to pathogen infection.

Inhibition of Potato Fusarium Wilt by Bacillus subtilis ZWZ-19 and Trichoderma asperellum PT-29: A Comparative Analysis of Non-Targeted Metabolomics

“…They participated in the biological control of pathogens through different metabolic pathways. One was involved in cell signal transduction, such as cell wall synthesis, jasmonic acid signal transduction, and auxin regulation, like inositol phosphate metabolism [45]; one induced plant resistance to infection by pathogens, such as Pyruvate metabolism, and three acted through the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria and through competition [46][47][48] (Table S2). These results were somewhat different to those reported by Wu et al [15].…”

Assessment of Gus Expression Induced by Anti-Sense OsPPO Gene Promoter and Antioxidant Enzymatic Assays in Response to Drought and Heavy Metal Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

“…In the case of drought, maximum fold induction (1.9) was observed after 12 h, and minimum (0.07) fold induction was noted after 12 h. In the case of heavy metals, both (Cu and Ni) displayed the maximum fold induction (15.03-fold) and (7.78-fold), respectively, for 100 µM after 24 h. This expression data revealed that PPO is highly functional under these stresses. A study was conducted to examine the effect of triadimefon (TDM) on drought stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants, and it was found that PPO activity increased when compared to the control [51]. The action of the PPO effect by water stress (drought) has earlier been evidenced in tomatoes [52].…”