Analysis of disputed single-parent/child and sibling relationships using 16 STR loci

Abstract

This study describes the validation of short tandem repeat (STR) systems for the resolution of cases of disputed parentage where only a single parent is available for testing or where the claimed relationship of both parents is in doubt and also cases where sibship must be tested. Three separate multiplex systems the Second Generation Multiplex, Powerplex 1.2 and FFFL have been employed, giving a total of 16 STR loci. Both empirical and theoretical approaches to the validation have been adopted. Appropriate equations have been derived to calculate likelihood ratios for different relationships, incorporating a correction for subpopulation effects. An F(ST) point estimate of 1% has been applied throughout. Empirically, 101 cases of alleged father, alleged mother and child where analysed using six SLP systems and also using the three multiplex STR systems. Of the 202 relationships tested, 197 were independently resolved by both systems, providing either clear evidence of non-parentage or strong support for the relationship.

Evaluation of allelic alterations in short tandem repeats in different kinds of solid tumors—possible pitfalls in forensic casework

“…In paternity analysis, STRs are a fast and reliable approach and therefore used routinely in many laboratories (e.g. [3,4]), especially since multiplex kits have been developed [5]. In addition, since 2002 a paternity analysis done with only one method, such as PCR, is permitted by the German guidelines for paternity analysis [6].…”

Risk analysis of duo parentage testing with limited STR loci

“…Laboratories usually do take into consideration the circumstances of the alleged father or mother, for example, when the alleged father is a close relative of the biological father, such as a brother, father, or uncle (Pu and Linacre, 2007). One study has shown that 3.3% of the genotypes in a sample of 10,000 nephew-uncle pairs completely matched when typed by the Identifiler system (Thomson et al, 2001). Therefore, evaluating these duo cases may lead to false conclusions (Brenner, 1997;Lee et al, 2000;Wenk et al, 2006).…”

Non-invasive prenatal paternity testing from maternal blood

“…At least 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci are being analyzed in nearly all laboratories, and this system is now generally considered sufficient to determine identity or paternity with very high probability of inclusion or exclusion [4,13] In some cases of rape that may have resulted in pregnancy, it is necessary to perform early prenatal paternity analysis. This is most frequently done by testing of chorionic villi or amnionic fluid, but this invasive technique cannot be performed before the 13th week of pregnancy; it is stressful and also bears a small but existing risk for both mother and child.…”