Analysis of Energy Utilisation in Malaysian Oil Palm Mechanisation Operation

Abstract

ABSTRACT

An Overview of the Benefits and Advantages of Implementing Mechanisation in the Oil Palm Plantation: A Look at Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) Evacuation

“…The determination of harvesting and evacuation routes can help to impact plantation productivity, but to date, there is no meaningful research being done in this area, which is a gap that can be looked into (Lim et al, 2021). More machinery means higher energy costs and it is expected that out of the total energy needed to produce FFBs, about 2% is taken up by diesel and 10.8% by machinery (Azwan et al, 2016). It's important to carefully consider these factors when choosing an FFB evacuation method to ensure optimal results for the operation.…”

The Effects of Peat Swamp Forest Patches and Riparian Areas within Large Scale Oil Palm Plantations on Bird Species Richness

“…Birds are sensitive to any habitat disturbance and are widely used for environmental changes indicators in biodiversity conservation evaluation studies ( Zakaria et al . 2005 ; Jambari et al . 2012 ; Alexandrino et al .…”

“…In addition, other studies have focussed on different oil palm production systems and indicated that biodiversity levels are higher in smallholdings than large-scale plantations (Azhar et al 2014;Syafiq et al 2016;Razak et al 2020). Oil palm agroecosystems biodiversity levels are affected by habitat quality which is related to a range of factors such as structural complexity, heterogeneity of vegetation cover, availability of food resources, alteration of microclimate and the human activities that lead to changes to the soil physical and chemical properties (Mariau 2001;Koh et al 2009;Turner & Foster 2006;Foster et al 2011;Jambari et al 2012;Azhar et al 2013;Drescher et al 2016;Meijide et al 2018). These findings showed that the negative impact of oil palm development on biodiversity could partly be mitigated by integrating the oil palm landscape with nature.…”

“…Birds are part of the biodiversity commonly studied and found in oil palm plantations (Yudea & Santosa 2019). Birds are sensitive to any habitat disturbance and are widely used for environmental changes indicators in biodiversity conservation evaluation studies (Zakaria et al 2005;Jambari et al 2012;Alexandrino et al 2016). Several studies have been conducted on bird diversity and its population crossing two different habitats plantation to forests, as reported by Mohd-Azlan et al (2019b).…”