Analysis of equine cervical spine using three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction

Zafra, R.; Carrascosa, Conrado; Rivero, Miguel; Peña, Sara; Fernandez, Teresa de Souza; Suárez‐Bonnet, Alejandro; Jaber, José Raduán

doi:10.1080/09712119.2011.621532

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A prevalence of 24% anomalous C6 was recorded in a recent study with a predilection for Warmblood breeds as these accounted for almost 80% of the affected and included horses . Advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are increasingly being applied in the evaluation of horses with suspected cervical spinal disease. However, little published information is currently available on CT and MRI characteristics of equine cervical vertebral morphologic variations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Morphology Variations in Equine Cervical Vertebrae

Veraa

Bergmann

Belt

et al. 2016

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Diagnostic imaging is one of the pillars in the clinical workup of horses with clinical signs of cervical spinal disease. An improved awareness of morphologic variations in equine cervical vertebrae would be helpful for interpreting findings. The aim of this anatomic study was to describe CT variations in left-right symmetry and morphology of the cervical and cervicothoracic vertebrae in a sample of horses. Postmortem CT examinations of the cervical spine for horses without congenital growth disorders were prospectively and retrospectively recruited. A total of 78 horses (27 foals, 51 mature horses) were evaluated. Twenty-six horses (33.3%) had homologous changes in which a transposition of the caudal part of the transverse process (caudal ventral tubercle) of C6 toward the ventral aspect of the transverse process of C7 was present (n = 10 bilateral, n = 12 unilateral left-sided, n = 4 unilateral right-sided). There was one horse with occipito-atlantal malformation, two horses with rudimentary first ribs bilaterally, and one horse with bilateral transverse processes at Th1, representing homeotic (transitional) vertebral changes. Chi-square tests identified no significant differences in the number of conformational variations between the group of mature horses with or without clinical signs (P = 0.81) or between the group of mature horses and the group of foals (P = 0.72). Findings indicated that, in this sample of horses, the most frequently identified variations were homologous variations (transposition of the caudal part of the transverse process of C6-C7) in the caudal equine cervical vertebral column. Homeotic (transitional) variations at the cervicothoracic vertebral column were less common.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Morphology Variations in Equine Cervical Vertebrae

Veraa

Bergmann

Belt

et al. 2016

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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“…In large animals, CT has been used sparingly for descriptive anatomic research (Hathcock et al 1995;Morrow et al 2000;De Zani et al 2010;Zafra et al 2012) and several studies have demonstrated the clinical value of CT in diagnosing diseases of the head (Tietje et al 1996;Warmerdam et al 1997). In camelids, CT anatomy of the nasal cavity Wang et al 2008), temporomandibular joint (Arencibia et al 2012), tarsus (Hagag et al 2013) and metatarsus and digits (El-Shafey & Kassab 2013) has been studied, but to the author's knowledge, there is no published material describing the results of CT anatomy of the brain and associated structures in dromedary camel applying bone and soft-tissue CT windows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computed tomography of the brain and associated structures of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius): an anatomic study

Blanco

Vázquez

Rivero

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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Arencibia (2015) The purpose of the study was to provide a description of normal cross-sectional anatomy of the camel brain and associated structures using computed tomography (CT) and macroscopic cross sections. Transverse images of two isolated camel cadaver heads were obtained by an axial CT equipment. CT scans were processed with a detailed algorithm using bone and soft-tissue windows settings, and compared with the corresponding frozen cross sections of the heads, to assist in the accurate identification of brain and associated structures. CT images provided good differentiation between the bones and the soft tissues of the head. These CT images are intended to be a useful anatomic reference in the interpretation for clinical CT imaging studies of the brain and associated structures in dromedary camels.

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“…The CT scanners used in veterinary medicine are designed to use in human patients; therefore, this type of machines are only suitable for neonatal foals due to size constraints of the CT gantry and scanning table. Due to all these limitations, reports of CT in the horse have been focused on technical procedures (Barbee et al 1987), studies of the head (Vink-Nooteboom et al 1998, Morrow et al 2000, De Zani et al 2010, distal extremities (Peterson and Bowman 1988) and cervical spine (Zafra et al 2012). However, most of these studies were performed on cadaver specimens, but to the author's knowledge similar CT studies in live neonatal foals have not been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Computed tomographic imaging of the brain of normal neonatal foals

et al. 2015

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RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una descripción detallada de la anatomía normal del cerebro de potrillos neonatos y de las estructuras asociadas mediante tomografía computarizada (TC) y cortes anatómicos. Se utilizó un escáner de cuarta generación y se adquirieron imágenes transversales con un grosor de dos milímetros. Tras el estudio por TC, los animales fueron sacrificados por razones no relacionadas con patologías de la cabeza. Para ayudar en la identificación precisa del cerebro y las estructuras asociadas, las imágenes de TC fueron comparadas con las correspondientes secciones de la cabeza. Las imágenes de TC se correlacionaron de buena manera con sus correspondientes secciones anatómicas, mostrando una buena diferenciación entre el tejido óseo y el tejido blando de la cabeza. Las imágenes obtenidas mediante TC pretenden ser una referencia anatómica inicial para la interpretación de los estudios clínicos del cerebro y las estructuras asociadas en potros vivos recién nacidos.Palabras clave: tomografía computarizada, anatomía, cerebro, potro neonato. SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to provide a more complete description of normal cross-sectional anatomy of the neonatal brain of the foal and associated structures by computed tomography (CT) and gross anatomical sections. Using a fourth-generation CT scanner, 2-mm contiguous transverse images were acquired from two neonatal 5-days-old Quarter horse foals. After the study the animals were euthanised for reasons unrelated to head pathology. To assist in the accurate identification of brain and associated structures, transverse CT images were obtained and compared with the corresponding frozen cross-sections of the head. CT images matched well with their corresponding transverse gross sections and provided good differentiation between the bones and the soft tissues of the head. These CT images are intended to be a useful initial anatomic reference in the interpretation for clinical CT imaging studies of the brain and associated structures in live neonatal foals.

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Analysis of equine cervical spine using three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Ex Vivo Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Morphology Variations in Equine Cervical Vertebrae

Ex Vivo Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Morphology Variations in Equine Cervical Vertebrae

Computed tomography of the brain and associated structures of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius): an anatomic study

Computed tomographic imaging of the brain of normal neonatal foals

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