Analysis of ergopeptine alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue

Yates, Scott R.; Powell, Richard G.

doi:10.1021/jf00080a023

Cited by 135 publications

(104 citation statements)

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“…This endophytic fungus, which grows subcutaneously in leaves, stems, and seeds, does not undergo sexual reproduction or sporulate and cannot spread contagiously; instead, it is seed-borne (Clay, 1988(Clay, , 1993, The relationship between grass and fungus is mutualistic. Fungal endophytes produce ergopeptine alkaloids, notably ergovaline (Porter et al,1981;Thompson and Stuedemann, 1993;Yates and Powell, 1988;Yates et aL, 1985). The fungus makes grass less palatable and more…”

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Impact of Consuming Tall Fescue Leaves with the Endophytic Fungus, Acremonium coenophialum, on Meadow Voles

Conover

1998

Journal of Mammalogy

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Most of the 14 million hectares of pastures of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) planted in the United States are infected with the endophytic fungus, Acremonium coenophialum.I examined if grazing infected plants had an adverse impact on meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Captive voles fed leaves from infected fescue plants (fungus-fed voles) gave birth and weaned as many offspring as voles fed leaves from uninfected plants of the same genotype of tall fescue (control voles), Mass and body temperatures of fungus-fed and control voles did not differ. When maintained at 21°C, mortality rates were similar, but when ambient temperatures were increased to 31°C, fungus-fed voles had significantly higher mortality rates than control voles. Naive voles did not discriminate between infected and uninfected leaves, but after a diet of fescue, voles preferred uninfected leaves.

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“…Journal of Mamma/ogy, 79(2):457-- 463,1998 457 toxic to herbivorous insects and nematodes (Johnson et aI., 1985;Kimmons et al, 1990;Latch et aI., 1985;Yates and Powell, 1988) and more hardy (Arachevaleta et al, 1989;Bacon, 1993).…”

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Impact of Consuming Tall Fescue Leaves with the Endophytic Fungus, Acremonium coenophialum, on Meadow Voles

Conover

1998

Journal of Mammalogy

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“…In addition to having long analysis times, HPLC analysis is performed on a silica-based column, which tends to degrade slowly over time because of the basic mobile phase used. 6,7,12 All of these factors have made the analysis of large batches of samples expensive and time Received for publication July 9, 1993. consuming. A recently published paper included improvements in the assay, but the assay still involves large solvent volumes and SPE tubes prepared as described above.…”

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“…6 Most methods utilize large solvent volumes during sample extraction, 6,12 and sample cleanup is normally done on solid phase extraction SPE columns made by scraping silica gel off of high-pressure thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates from a particular manufacturer. 6,7,12 This silica gel contains an organic binder necessary for adequate sample cleanup. In addition to having long analysis times, HPLC analysis is performed on a silica-based column, which tends to degrade slowly over time because of the basic mobile phase used.…”

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Improved Extraction and HPLC Methods for Ergovaline from Plant Material and Rumen Fluid

et al. 1994

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Abstract. Ergovaline, the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in tall fescue infected with Acremonium coenophialum, is known to cause tall fescue toxicosis. Current methods in use for quantifying ergovaline in plant material have several disadvantages, including large solvent volumes and long analysis time. We report here improvements in extraction and cleanup and the high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods. Our improvements include a 24-hour extraction time, the use of smaller solvent volumes during sample preparation, and fast analysis on the polymeric reverse-phase column. In addition to allowing the analysis of large batches to assist practitioners in the accurate diagnosis of fescue toxicosis, our method is also easily modified for other matrices, such as rumen fluid.Tall fescue grown throughout the United States is often infected with Acremonium coenophialum, an endophytic fungus with which it forms a mutualistic symbiotic relationship. 4 The benefits of endophyte-infected tall fescue include tolerance to both stress and pests as well as greater persistence from year to year. 4 The disadvantage of endophyte-infected fescue is that it is known to cause fescue toxicosis in livestock; symptoms are "summer syndrome," "fescue foot," and reproductive problems.1,8,9 These problems have been attributed to the presence of ergopeptine alkaloids in endophyte-infected plants, 4,9 with ergovaline accounting for 85-97% of the total ergopeptine alkaloid content. 5Previously reported high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for quantifying ergovaline and other ergopeptine alkaloids from plant material have several drawbacks. The original method requires that all glassware be deactivated with a silanizing reagent. 6 Most methods utilize large solvent volumes during sample extraction, 6,12 and sample cleanup is normally done on solid phase extraction SPE columns made by scraping silica gel off of high-pressure thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates from a particular manufacturer. 6,7,12 This silica gel contains an organic binder necessary for adequate sample cleanup. In addition to having long analysis times, HPLC analysis is performed on a silica-based column, which tends to degrade slowly over time because of the basic mobile phase used. 6,7,12 All of these factors have made the analysis of large batches of samples expensive and time Received for publication July 9, 1993. consuming. A recently published paper included improvements in the assay, but the assay still involves large solvent volumes and SPE tubes prepared as described above. 3 The method reported herein involves several improvements in the overall assay. Glass treatment with deactivating reagent is unnecessary. A longer extraction time allows smaller volumes of solvent to be used without a loss of recovery. Sample cleanup is done on a bulk silica gel containing the required organic binder, which saves time previously spent scraping plates and grinding silica gel. HPLC analysis is performed on a polymeric reverse-phase column, which is st...

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“…This observation initiated an investigation that revealed a fungus growing within the plant (endo  within; phyte  plant) (Bacon et al, 1977). Today, it is believed that C H A P T E R greater than 95% of tall fescue pastures containing mostly the Kentucky 31 variety are infected by the endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum (Yates and Powell, 1988). Endophyte-infected (E) fescue is estimated to cause more than $1 billion in lost livestock production in the United States each year (Oliver, 1997).…”

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confidence: 99%