Analysis of forces and temperatures in friction spot stir welding of thermoplastic polymers

Paoletti, A.; Lambiase, F.; Ilio, A. Di

doi:10.1007/s00170-015-7669-y

Cited by 62 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Although some thermoplastic polymers have been treated using this method (Gan et al 2010;Prasad and Raghava 2012), some concerns relating to macromolecular chain breaking are raised as a result of tool pin rotation (Gan et al 2010). Squeeze-out of plasticized or semi-molten polymer is also the main concern regarding the friction stir welding (FSW) or FSP of the polymeric materials (Paoletti et al 2016). In view of this, pinless tool is the most appropriate technique to prevent squeeze out of material (Costa et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of a novel hydroxyapatite/polyether ether ketone surface nanocomposite via friction stir processing for orthopedic and dental applications

et al. 2020

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There is increasing interest in the use of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) for orthopedic and dental implant applications due to its elastic modulus (close to that of bone), biocompatibility and radiolucent properties. However, PEEK is still categorized as bioinert owing to its low integration with surrounding tissues. Methods such as depositing hydroxyapatite (HA) onto the PEEK surface could increase its bioactivity. However, depositing HA without damaging the PEEK substrate is still required further investigation. Friction stir processing is a solid-state processing method that is widely used for composite substrate fabrication. In this study, a pinless tool was used to fabricate a HA/PEEK surface nanocomposite for orthopedic and dental applications. Microscopical images of the modified substrate confirmed homogenous distribution of the HA on the surface of the PEEK. The resultant HA/PEEK surface nanocomposites demonstrated improved surface hydrophilicity coupled with better apatite formation capacity (as shown in the simulated body fluid) in comparison to the pristine PEEK, making the newly developed material more suitable for biomedical application. This surface deposition method that is carried out at low temperature would not damage the PEEK substrate and thus could be a good alternative for existing commercial methods for PEEK surface modification.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of a novel hydroxyapatite/polyether ether ketone surface nanocomposite via friction stir processing for orthopedic and dental applications

et al. 2020

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“…The other processing parameters such as plunging speed (v f = 8 mm/min), preheating time (T p = 7 s), stirring time (T D = 21 s), waiting time (T W = 21 s), and tool rotational speed (n = 1260 rpm) were kept constant at optimal values found in a previous work [34]. In the study, the optimization of the process conditions was performed on a tool having d = 5 mm, D = 11 mm, and α = 0°that is very close to the geometry of punch 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tool geometry on loads developing in friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets

Lambiase

Paoletti

Ilio

2016

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) experiments were carried out on polycarbonate sheets to assess the influence of the tool geometry on the joining loads and material flow. An instrumented drilling machine was used to measure the plunging load and the torque developing during the process. Different tool geometries were tested involving the variation of the tool pin shape (cylindrical or tapered), diameter of the tool pin, and diameter of the tool shoulder. The analysis of material flow enabled understanding the behavior of the load and torque trends measured during the process, such as the presence of load peaks during the plunging phase and reduced values of the axial pressure during the process. It was discovered that the average axial pressure was higher during pin plunging (such value was mainly determined by the pin diameter) while it dramatically decreased (almost to 1.2 MPa) during shoulder plunging owing to the higher heating resulting from higher tangential speed. The pin taper angle had negligible influence on the plunging load and torque. The tool shoulder influenced the plunging load and torque while it produced a negligible variation in the average axial pressure. On the other hand, the pin diameter influenced both the process loads and the axial pressure.

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“…Friction stir spot welding uses a rotating punch to heat up the joining partners. This process can be divided in the typical phases preheating, joining, consolidation, waiting and tool retraction [16,17]. Infrared welding is a welding technology that uses an infrared (IR) emitter to heat up the samples.…”

Section: Infrared Weldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared welding of cross-linkable polyamide 66

Leisen¹,

Drummer²

2016

Express Polym. Lett.

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Introduction 1.Radiation cross-linking of polyamide 66Radiation cross-linking is a well-known and established technique for enhancing the properties of thermoplastic polymers. Typical radiation sources are gamma rays, electron beams and X-rays [1]. The radiation induced cross-links between the macromolecules lead to improved physical properties and allow a wide range of industrial applications like for example pipes and tubes, hip joint pans, foams, shrinking-fit products or automotive applications [1][2][3]. In 1952, Charlesby described the influence of radiation on the properties of polyethylene for the first time [4,5]. Subsequent investigations extended the knowledge about radiation cross-linking and the possible material range [6]. The process of cross-linking can be divided into two main reactions. High-energy radiation transfers energy to the atoms and results in an ionization or excitation of the atoms during the primary reaction [1,2]. Further reactions lead to the formation of radicals. These radicals enable cross-linking of the polymer in its amorphous region in a secondary reaction [1,2]. Aside from the formation of covalent bonds, degradation, chain scission and oxidation can occur, possibly causing the material properties to deteriorate [1]. The resulting three dimensional covalent networks between the macromolecules results in an increase in the short-term temperature resistance and a rubbery-elastic behavior above the crystallite melting temperature, Figure 1 [ 7,8]. These covalent bonds also influence the melting and crystallization behavior towards lower temperatures [1,3,8,9]. Aside from polyethylene, other polymers, such as polyamide, can be cross-linked by high energy radiation [6]. In order to attain economical radiation exposure rates, cross-linking agents are needed. These polyfunctional monomers, e.g. triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), allow a cross-linking at lower and economical radiation Abstract. Radiation cross-linking of polyamide 66 with electron beams alters the material's characteristics. This leads to a varied relationship amongst the process, structure, and properties for infrared welding cross-linked polyamide 66. A threedimensional network of covalent bonds results in an impeded melt flow and altered welding characteristics. Compared to non-cross linked polyamide, a changed energy input in the weld during infrared heating and a reduced meltdown can be observed. Such thermal developments and a reduced meltdown affect the resulting weld strengths. Welding factors of almost 60% of base material strengths can be achieved. A clear influence of the heating time on the weld strength can be observed. The scope of this article is to investigate the influence of radiation cross-linking on the material characteristics and, by extension, the resulting processing and welding characteristics. Mechanical and optical investigations serve to highlight the influence of radiation cross-linking on the infrared welding process of polyamide 66.

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Analysis of forces and temperatures in friction spot stir welding of thermoplastic polymers

Cited by 62 publications

References 36 publications

Fabrication of a novel hydroxyapatite/polyether ether ketone surface nanocomposite via friction stir processing for orthopedic and dental applications

Fabrication of a novel hydroxyapatite/polyether ether ketone surface nanocomposite via friction stir processing for orthopedic and dental applications

Effect of tool geometry on loads developing in friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets

Infrared welding of cross-linkable polyamide 66

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