Analysis of Freshwater Consumption Pattern in Kuwait and its Implications for Water Management

Mukhopadhyay, A.; Akber, A.; Al-Awadi, E.; Burney, Nadeem A.

doi:10.1080/713672535

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Estimates from an empirical study in Sao Paulo suggest that, the carwash industry uses more than 1.3 million gallons of freshwater daily (Almeida et al, 2010) while in Kuwait, about twice as much is used each day (Al-Odwani et al, 2007). This connotes that, for Kuwaita country relying mostly on desalinated water, water for more than 25,000 people (water consumption -450L/cap.day) is used by the car wash industry daily (Milutinovic, 2006;Mukhopadhyay et al, 2000). For Sao Paulo, the industry denies nearly 33,000 people (water consumption -180L/cap.day) of potable water daily (TheWorldBank, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clean vehicles, polluted waters: empirical estimates of water consumption and pollution loads of the carwash industry

Monney

Donkor

Buamah

2020

Heliyon

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Carwash stations use large volumes of water and release harmful chemicals into the environment through their operations. While a significant body of literature has focused on exploring water use in the carwash industry, none has provided comprehensive information on both the pollution loads of the wastewater emanating from this industry and water consumption. Understanding how much water is used and the pollution loads of wastewater from this industry is useful to ensure adoption of water conservation measures and design wastewater recycling systems given the dwindling freshwater resources globally. This study estimated the freshwater quantities used to wash different vehicle types and the pollution loads of the resulting wastewater in the Kumasi Metropolis. Seven proxy carwash stations were purposively selected and monitored to estimate the water used to wash six different categories of vehicles. Composite wastewater samples from three carwash stations were analysed for concentrations of different contaminants which were used to compute pollution loads. Using R software, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's (HSD) post-hoc testing and 2-sample t-test at 95% confidence interval were employed to test statistical differences. After an 8-week monitoring campaign involving 3,667 vehicles, the study showed that average water used for each vehicle type were in the order: Motorbike -97L (95% CI: 90-103L); Salon car -158L (95% CI: 154-161L); SUV -197L (95% CI:191-203L); Buses/Coaches -370L (95%CI:351-381L); Articulated truck 1,139L (95% CI:916-1,363L); Graders/Loaders -1405L (95% CI:327-2,483L). Overall, the carwash industry in the Metropolis uses about 1000m 3 of freshwater daily and discharges the resulting wastewater into waterways untreated. The wastewater has a low Biodegradability Index (0.3-0.4) and is characterized by a mildly alkali pH (7.6-8.6) with high levels of Sulphates (40.8-69.8 mg/L), COD (990-1413 mg/L), TSS (1260-3417 mg/L) and E. coli (2.3-4.7 Â 10 3 CFU/100mL). Pollution loads of BOD and COD were up to 2tons/year and 6tons/year respectively. Stipulated effluent discharge guideline values were mostly exceededin some cases by up to 68 times. To avert the unbridled wastage of freshwater, the study recommends enforcement of wastewater recycling for all carwash stations and promulgation of a tax system that rewards stations that recycle wastewater and surchages those wasting freshwater.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clean vehicles, polluted waters: empirical estimates of water consumption and pollution loads of the carwash industry

Monney

Donkor

Buamah

2020

Heliyon

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“…Several papers studied the relationship between water consumption and other variables. Mukhopadhyay et al (2000) applied several regressions to explore the relationship between water demand and other social and environmental factors in Kuwait. One of the main findings in this study was that consumption behavior patterns in Kuwait underwent an extreme change between the pre-Gulf War and post-Gulf War periods.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, when access to water became easier, consumption increased significantly. On the other hand, Mukhopadhyay et al (2000) applied a different test to the monthly data, where they found that the average daily consumption over 1 month showed a positive correlation with monthly average temperatures and a negative correlation with relative humidity. In other words, they found that consumption is high during the hot, dry summer months of June to September and low during the winter months of December to March.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Residential Demand for Water in Kuwait: A Cointegration Analysis

Alfalah

2021

IJEEP

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This paper aims to investigate the determinants of water demand in Kuwait and assess their impact on consumption. To do this, we applied the cointegration regression and the error correction model (ECM) on annual time series data, covering the period from 1972 to 2019. We found that the price elasticity for fresh water demand in Kuwait is negative and elastic in the long run (-1.095), which is consistent with the existing literature. Also, we found that the income elasticity for demand was positive in the long run (0.234), however, no short run effect was found for either price or income. Our results suggest that policymakers should expect a long run impact when using water prices to adjust the consumption behavior in Kuwait.

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“…Although a considerable amount of literature can be found on water resources of Kuwait, a lot of it is on the assessment and characterization of the resources (Bergstrom and Aten 1964;Senay 1977;Al-Ruwaih 1984;Mukhopadhyay et al 1996;Al-Sulaimi et al 1997;Al-Rashed and Sherif 2000;Fadlelmawla et al 2007;and others), significantly less studies are on specific management issues (Darwish and Al-Najem 2005;Mukhopadhyay et al 1994Mukhopadhyay et al , 2000Mukhopadhyay et al , 2001Al-Rashed et al 1998;Fadlelmawla 2006) and even less studies on the overall water resources and their management issues (Fadlelmawla and Al-Otaibi 2005;Al-Otaibi and Mukhopadhyay 2005). Fadlelmawla and Al-Otaibi (2005) provide an account of the available water resources of the country, discuss the current and projected production and demands, and criticize some of the current management practices while providing alternatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Towards Sustainable Water Policy in Kuwait: Reforms of the Current Practices and the Required Investments, Institutional and Legislative Measures

Fadlelmawla

2008

Water Resour Manage

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The water policies of Kuwait are in need of major reforms in order to cope with the ever-increasing demands without burdening the country's economy. As it stands, the simple approach of increasing desalination capacities and groundwater withdrawal to meet the demands is hurting the economy as well as the natural resources, and is bound to lead the country into a serious water crisis. In this context, this paper discusses the potential alternatives to the current water policies of Kuwait.

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Analysis of Freshwater Consumption Pattern in Kuwait and its Implications for Water Management

Cited by 9 publications

References 2 publications

Clean vehicles, polluted waters: empirical estimates of water consumption and pollution loads of the carwash industry

Clean vehicles, polluted waters: empirical estimates of water consumption and pollution loads of the carwash industry

Estimating Residential Demand for Water in Kuwait: A Cointegration Analysis

Towards Sustainable Water Policy in Kuwait: Reforms of the Current Practices and the Required Investments, Institutional and Legislative Measures

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