Analysis of freshwater consumption patterns in the private residences of Kuwait

Towards Sustainable Water Policy in Kuwait: Reforms of the Current Practices and the Required Investments, Institutional and Legislative Measures

“…These devices allow the household to fully enjoy water services while consuming significantly less water. In Kuwait, and as reported by Mukhopadhyay et al (2001), the average per capita inhouse consumption is 814 l/day (based on Kuwaiti residences only). This is more than double that of Canberra, Australia (Kulik 1993), which lies in the same category.…”

“…However, this is based on uniform per capita consumption, but in fact per capita consumption is highly discriminative based on nationality-more specifically Kuwaiti versus non-Kuwaiti, with the latter consuming much less than the former. This is clear in the estimated overall (total production of freshwater divided by total population) per capita consumption of 493 l/day (Fadlelmawla and Al-Otaibi 2005), which despite including industrial consumption, is significantly less than the average of 814 l/capita/day for the Kuwaiti citizen as estimated by Mukhopadhyay et al (2001). Moreover, in implementing such a policy, there will be repercussions on the Kuwaiti economy where the expatriate manpower as dictated by the market should be satisfied.…”

“…Although a considerable amount of literature can be found on water resources of Kuwait, a lot of it is on the assessment and characterization of the resources (Bergstrom and Aten 1964;Senay 1977;Al-Ruwaih 1984;Mukhopadhyay et al 1996;Al-Sulaimi et al 1997;Al-Rashed and Sherif 2000;Fadlelmawla et al 2007;and others), significantly less studies are on specific management issues (Darwish and Al-Najem 2005;Mukhopadhyay et al 1994Mukhopadhyay et al , 2000Mukhopadhyay et al , 2001Al-Rashed et al 1998;Fadlelmawla 2006) and even less studies on the overall water resources and their management issues (Fadlelmawla and Al-Otaibi 2005;Al-Otaibi and Mukhopadhyay 2005). Fadlelmawla and Al-Otaibi (2005) provide an account of the available water resources of the country, discuss the current and projected production and demands, and criticize some of the current management practices while providing alternatives.…”

Epistemic water consumption benchmarks for residential buildings

“…Domestic water consumption can be extremely variable due to a range of factors including climate, culture, economy, individual demands, occupant attributes and appliance characteristics. For example, the daily per capita domestic water consumption (excluding WC flushing) based on in-house metering figures or from metering records of water authorities, reportedly, is from 65 to 175 L hd À1 d À1 in some European countries, from 105 to 237 L hd À1 d À1 in the USA, and from 150 to 365 L hd À1 d À1 in some Asian cities [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. It was reported that the averages could be approximated by a normal distribution ranging from 65 to 365 L hd À1 d À1 (24-105 m 3 hd À1 yr À1 ), with an average of 164 L hd À1 d À1 (60 m 3 hd À1 yr À1 ) and a standard deviation of 81 L hd À1 d À1 (30 m 3 hd À1 yr À1 ) (pX0.3, Shapiro-Wilk test) [10].…”

Heteroscedastic semiparametric models for domestic water consumption aggregated data

“…At the past, papers have been devoted in measuring the impact of socioeconomic variables at the household level (e.g. Mukhopadhyay et al 2001) or even at a municipality level (see, e.g. Martinez-Espineira 2002) or the effect of climatic variables to water demand (e.g.…”