Analysis of hair steroid hormones in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: comparison with two immunoassays and application for longitudinal monitoring in zoos

Hein, Anna; Baumgärtner, Katrin; Fersen, Lorenzo von; Bechshøft, Thea; Woelfing, Benno; Kirschbaum, Clemens; Mastromonaco, Gabriela F.; Greenwood, Alex D.; Siebert, Ursula

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113837

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Similar to the peripheral hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis present within hair follicles in mammals, this raises concerns regarding preferential deposition of locally generated metabolites within the scale as this could interfere with blood-scale proportionalities [6,32,33]. Additionally, as is the case in other cumulative media such as hair and feathers, the partitioning of steroid hormones from blood to scale likely occurs via passive diffusion [29,34]. Slight variances in the chemical properties of different steroid hormones could therefore increase their degree and depth of incorporation into the scale, as has been reported in hair [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Look into the Use of Fish Scales as a Medium for Multi-Hormone Stress Analyses

Kennedy

Janz²

2022

Fishes

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Recent efforts have provided convincing evidence for the use of fish scale cortisol concentration in the assessment of long-term stress in fishes. However, cortisol alone is not sufficient to fully describe this state of long-term stress. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an androgen with actions that oppose those of cortisol. The means by which DHEA negates the effects of cortisol occurs in part via changes in the metabolism of cortisol to cortisone. The quantitation of cortisol, DHEA and cortisone could therefore provide a more comprehensive assessment of the overall status of physiological stress. As DHEA and cortisone have yet to be quantified within the fish scale, our first objective was to ensure our sample processing protocol for cortisol was applicable to cortisone and DHEA. Following this, we induced a state of long-term stress in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Some degree of elevation in all hormones was observed in the stressed fish scales. Additionally, cortisol and cortisone were significantly elevated in the stressed fish serum in comparison to controls while DHEA was undetectable in either group. Overall, these results suggest that fish scales provide an appropriate medium for the assessment of long-term stress in fishes via the quantitation of relevant steroid hormones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Look into the Use of Fish Scales as a Medium for Multi-Hormone Stress Analyses

Kennedy

Janz²

2022

Fishes

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“…Additionally, an analysis of individual activity and inactivity patterns throughout the year is an important part of analyzing behavior in relation to environmental influences such as temperature, day length, weather, or visitor numbers. Furthermore, physiological parameters such as the stress hormone cortisol, which can be measured retrospectively over weeks in hair [40], can be used in combination with behavioral data to better interpret the animal's condition. Thus, this framework provides another essential part of the matrix available to analyze behavior precisely and objectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated Video-Based Analysis Framework for Behavior Monitoring of Individual Animals in Zoos Using Deep Learning—A Study on Polar Bears

Zuerl

Stoll

Brehm

et al. 2022

Animals

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The monitoring of animals under human care is a crucial tool for biologists and zookeepers to keep track of the animals’ physical and psychological health. Additionally, it enables the analysis of observed behavioral changes and helps to unravel underlying reasons. Enhancing our understanding of animals ensures and improves ex situ animal welfare as well as in situ conservation. However, traditional observation methods are time- and labor-intensive, as they require experts to observe the animals on-site during long and repeated sessions and manually score their behavior. Therefore, the development of automated observation systems would greatly benefit researchers and practitioners in this domain. We propose an automated framework for basic behavior monitoring of individual animals under human care. Raw video data are processed to continuously determine the position of the individuals within the enclosure. The trajectories describing their travel patterns are presented, along with fundamental analysis, through a graphical user interface (GUI). We evaluate the performance of the framework on captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus). We show that the framework can localize and identify individual polar bears with an F1 score of 86.4%. The localization accuracy of the framework is 19.9±7.6 cm, outperforming current manual observation methods. Furthermore, we provide a bounding-box-labeled dataset of the two polar bears housed in Nuremberg Zoo.

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“…Among the reviewed papers, several factors have been evaluated in correlation to HCC: the most investigated variable is the sampling body region of tested animals [22, 23, 25, 30-33, 36, 40, 42, 46, 51, 52, 57, 60, 72], and the detected concentrations may be highly variable; therefore, it seems reasonable that sampling be standardized to a single body region of each species. Again, the seasonality has been considered by some papers [19,24,31,39,46,57,60,66]. By way of example, in 2014, Bacci and coworkers [24] applied a RIA method to 30 sows, and the season of the year was observed to have an effect with the lowest HCC measured during the summer.…”

Section: Overview Of the Methods For Hcc Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only for cattle, there was an influence with higher HCC in winter samples compared with summer samples. One year later, the same variable was studied [60] on 13 polar bears from 12 zoos, and no seasonal hair cortisol variation was observed. Management typologies were selected at times, as in the case of Comin et al (2011) [19] that examined HCC produced in response to change from indoor winter to summer grazing conditions (high mountain) in 83 dairy cows applying a RIA method.…”

Section: Overview Of the Methods For Hcc Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases, the homogenization of hair samples was carried out through the grinding, the washing protocol based on isopropanol, and the cortisol extraction on methanol. The detection was carried out in almost all reviewed papers with EIA and RIA methods, except for this work, Binz et al, Braun et al [35,39,49], Hein and coworkers [60], and Cerasoli et al [4] for which liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and LC-HRMS/MS techniques were applied.…”

Section: Overview Of the Methods For Hcc Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of hair cortisol in horses: comparison of immunoassay vs LC-HRMS/MS

et al. 2022

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The measure of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is becoming an emerging approach to monitor mid-/long-term stress in animals, so it is more and more important to develop accurate and reliable methods. In the light of this, the aim of the present study was to compare mane HCCs of 47 horses with different managements, by means of an immunoassay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). After the washing step, the ground hair was extracted with methanol. The extract was evaporated and redissolved in two different aqueous solutions, depending on the detection technique. The methods were validated according to EMA guideline for bioanalytical method validation, in the range 2–50 pg mg−1 (ELISA) and 1–100 pg mg−1 (LC-HRMS/MS). Satisfactory quantitative performances were obtained for both of the approaches, but this latter demonstrated better precision. The detected concentrations in real samples were encompassing the range 1.3–8.8 pg mg−1 and 2.0–17.9 pg mg−1 by means of LC-HRMS/MS and ELISA, respectively. Overall, HCCs measured with ELISA technique were 1.6 times higher. The overestimation of immunoassay results might be caused by cross-reactivity phenomena of laboratory reagents and other structurally similar hormones present in the mane. Graphical abstract

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Analysis of hair steroid hormones in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: comparison with two immunoassays and application for longitudinal monitoring in zoos

Cited by 9 publications

References 70 publications

First Look into the Use of Fish Scales as a Medium for Multi-Hormone Stress Analyses

First Look into the Use of Fish Scales as a Medium for Multi-Hormone Stress Analyses

Automated Video-Based Analysis Framework for Behavior Monitoring of Individual Animals in Zoos Using Deep Learning—A Study on Polar Bears

Determination of hair cortisol in horses: comparison of immunoassay vs LC-HRMS/MS

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