Analysis of haloacetic acids in drinking water using post-column reaction-ion chromatography with on-line internal standardization

A fully-automated analyzer for determining haloacetic acid concentrations in drinking water

“…2B) as opposed to a methanol-only conditioning (Fig. 2C) which provided results comparable to the standard PCR-IC separation Ranaivo et al, 2011) (Fig. 2A).…”

“…The analyzer reported here improves upon previous reports of the PCR-IC analyzer in both the MDL values and minimizing matrix effects with a modest increase in analysis time (Ranaivo et al, 2011). Systematic optimization of the analytical parameters, based on % Recovery of the HAA9 species, for each step in the preconcentration method is described.…”

“…Subsequent improvements include analysis of all HAA9 species and internal standardization (IS) with 2-bromobutanoic acid (Ranaivo et al, 2011). These reports show that the fully automated PCR-IC compared well to USEPA 552.3 at concentrations from 5-900 lg L À1 for individual HAA9 species and is efficient for on-line, real-time analysis.…”

“…The SIA module outputs a remote start signal initiating the PCR-IC analysis of the HAA9 preconcentrate. The PCR-IC separates the HAAs, reacts with nicotinamide, and detects via fluorescence (excitation 365 nm, emission 455 nm) (Ranaivo et al, 2011). The SIA-PCR-IC reagents are safe when used with proper precautions and the effluent from the SIA and PCR-IC modules are combined and classified as non-hazardous waste after pH adjustment.…”

“…For continuous, on-line, real-time analysis, an automated preconcentration module must do all of the sample handling and preparation steps for SPE preconcentration from sample intake and acidification to elution onto the analyzer for injection. Flow injection analysis (FIA) and sequential injection analysis (SIA) have been regularly used for drinking water sample analysis (Karlberg and Pacey, 1989;Simone et al, 2006Simone et al, , 2009Emmert et al, 2007Emmert et al, , 2009Mesquita and Rangel, 2009;Ranaivo et al, 2011). SIA includes many of FIA's advantages such as highly reproducible flow rates and timing, and is a more appropriate choice here because it uses discontinuous, reversible flow, versus FIA's continuous, unidirectional flow (Skoog et al, 2006).…”