Analysis of halogenated methoxybenzenes and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the picogram m−3 range in marine air

Abstract

SummaryHalogenated methoxybenzenes (halogenated anisoles) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) have been analyzed in marine air samples from the lower troposphere of the East Atlantic Ocean, taken on the German research vessel "Polarstern' during two cruises in 1993 and 1994, and in air samples from the North Pacific Ocean (1995). The high-volume sampling method, sample preparation and analysis by HRGC-ECD and HRGC-MSD-SIM are described. The effectiveness of a new graphitized-carboncovered silica sorbent (ANGI-Sorb B) for the sampling of semi-volatiles is demonstrated. Eight congeners of the halogenated anisoles and HCB were detected in almost all marine air samples. The concentrations of the chloroanisoles, which show a distinct north-south interhemispherical gradient, were between 0.2 and 145 pg m-3; for the bromoanisoles concentrations were between 0.2 and 42 pg m -3. Only a weak inter-hemispheric gradient was observed for HCB at levels of 10--40 pg m -3. Levels of HCB were approximately 100 pg m -3 in continentally influenced air. Biogenic and indirect anthropogenic sources of the halogenated anisoles are discussed.

Atmospheric Deposition of Organochlorine Pesticides and Industrial Compounds to Seasonal Surface Snow at Four Glacier Sites on Svalbard, 2013–2014

“…55 We are not certain of the atmospheric PCA sources to Svalbard glaciers, but assume that many nonforested and oceanic areas may be included. 56 The T4CB values were consistent among sites with 1,2,3,4-T4CB ranging from 1.9 pg cm −2 yr −1 at Austfonna to 2.1 pg cm −2 yr −1 at Holtedahlfonna, and 1,2,4,5-T4CB ranging from 1.3 pg cm −2 yr −1 at Kongsvegen to 1.8 pg cm −2 yr −1 at Holtedahlfonna. In the past, we have used ratios of the two observed T4CB isomers (1,2,3,4-T4CB to 1,2,4,5-T4CB) to identify possible differences in types of source of these chlorobenzenes in air.…”

“…It has also been hypothesized to be a natural forest product . We are not certain of the atmospheric PCA sources to Svalbard glaciers, but assume that many nonforested and oceanic areas may be included …”

Will Climate Change Influence Production and Environmental Pathways of Halogenated Natural Products?

“…World coverage is sparse and limited to occasional campaigns (Figures and ). Similar to nHCs, higher concentrations of BAs occur in coastal and upwelling areas. − Related compounds in air include chloroanisoles, bromochloroanisoles, and chlorinated dimethoxybenzenes, which may have both natural and anthropogenic origins. − Several studies focused on air–sea exchange and atmospheric transport of BAs in the Nordic region (Figure ). ,− Air transport of BAs to inland locations is documented at an air monitoring station in Finland and indirectly by occurrence of BAs in water and black fly larvae (Simuliidae sp.)…”

Spurenanalyse mittelflüchtiger Xenobiotika in der freien Atmosphäre

“…Polyhalogenierte Anisole finden sich global verteilt in der Umwelt wieder. Sie wurden nachgewiesen in Luft [Atlas 1986;Wittlinger 1990;Führer 1996a;Führer 1996b;Führer 1997;Führer 1998], Wasser [Schreitmüller 1994;Schreitmüller 1995], Fischen [Watanabe 1983;Krämer 1984;Opperhuizen 1987b] und Sedimenten [Watanabe 1985]. Tetrachlor-1,4dimethoxybenzol (TCDMB)…”