With
a constant upsurge in energy demand, production from depleted
and harsh reservoirs through enhanced oil recovery techniques (EOR)
has significantly increased. Among many EOR techniques, chemical EOR
(cEOR) is one of the most widely used methods of oil extraction. Surfactants
used in cEOR are instrumental in reducing interfacial tension (IFT)
and altering the wettability of rock, which leads to additional oil
recovery. This review draws attention to detail on surfactants from
fundamentals to field scale. Properties of surfactants like phase
behaviors, critical micelle concentration (CMC), hydrophilic–lipophilic
balance and deviation, zeta potential, and their importance are discussed
in depth. The presence of a saline environment, polymer, cosurfactant,
and other factors affecting the performance of surfactant during the
cEOR process are also elaborated. Key findings on surfactant adsorption
on reservoir rock with other influencing aspects have also been reported
in this study. Types of surfactants, from basic to the likes of polymeric,
viscoelastic, Gemini, natural, and their effects on oil recoveries
have been analyzed and compared. Special emphasis on emerging aids
for surfactant flooding such as applications of nanotechnology, use
amphoteric Janus particles, and synergies of surfactant–low
salinity water flooding, along with their mechanisms and recent advances
have been thoroughly duscussed. Lastly, the review delineates discerning
criteria for the selection of surfactants, reviews recent field applications,
and outlines the challenges that the industry faces while implementing
surfactant cEOR. It has been found that exhaustive studies have been
conducted on sandstones with success. However, extreme temperature
and saline conditions in the case of carbonate reservoirs limit the
applicability of surfactants, and the pursuit to accomplish its efficacy
continues.