Analysis of K2 products sold as incense

Hassen, Getaw Worku; Roy, Asha; Fernandez, Denise; Dunn, Norma Ramos; Bulbena-Cabre, Andre; Chirurgi, Roger; Li, Lingyun; Dittmar, Mark; Aldous, Kenneth M.; Su, Mark K.

doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.11.030

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…5 ). Studies on the effect of organic constituents described by earlier investigators 6 , 11 , 22 , 28 showed similar patterns. Interestingly, the trace metals concentrations were found high with respondents having Asthma- a mid-level respiratory ailment, when compared to the detrimental COPD1 and COPD2 (emphysema) ailments.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses

Bu-Olayan

Thomas

2021

Sci Rep

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Selected trace metals of importance in different incense before and after the smoldering process were assessed based on the recent respiratory ailments. Marketed perfumed and non-perfumed incense from different countries was separately analyzed using an Inductive coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A particulate analyzer measured the dispersed particulates (PM2.5) in the indoor environment. The analysis revealed higher mean metals concentrations in the smoldered perfumed incense (1.98 µg g−1) than in the non-smoldered and non-perfumed incense (0.59 µg g−1). Pilot-scale experiments included the smoke dispersed in different sized-rooms, and the distance between the inhaler and the smoldering incense. Simultaneously, a questionnaire distributed to 300 residents from six sampling areas revealed the exposure of incense to human health. This study indicated significant attributes on (a) the room size and incense volume, (b) the permissible inmate’s number in a room, (c) the distance between the inmate vicinity and the point of smoldering incense, (d) selectivity of incense, besides the outdoor environmental influence. Furthermore, this study revealed the various categories of respiratory ailments in residents in relation to the frequency of burning incense, prolonged smoke exposure, and the impact of burners although, earlier beneficial effects of incenses were evidenced. This study recommends preventive measures to human respiratory ailments from smoldering incense.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses

Bu-Olayan

Thomas

2021

Sci Rep

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“…In addition, they are highly available with easy access and have lower costs compared to traditional cannabis (Zanda and Fattore, 2018). The observed reduction in synthetic cannabinoids exposures during 2019 was most likely attributed to their placement into Schedule I and/or reduced use due to increased public awareness regarding their toxicity (Hassen et al, 2018). Another observed result is the continuous increase in pregabalin exposures in the present study, rising from only 9 cases (0.04%) reported during 2016 to 240 cases (1.11%) during 2019 (PCC-ASUH annual report, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Severity of Poisoning Exposures among Patients Presented to Poison Control Center, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Egypt during 2019

Abdelhamid

2021

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

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Background: Poisoning exposure continues to be an important public health concern in many developing countries and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Egypt. The information released by the Poison Control Center of Ain Shams University Hospitals (PCC-ASUH) is mostly a trigger for increasing hazards challenging the community. Aim: To evaluate severity of poisoning exposures among patients presented to PCC-ASUH during year 2019. Methods: A retrospective study involved patients presented to the PCC-ASUH with history of poisoning during 2019. Results: This study included 21,492 patients. The majority of poisoning incidents were at the age group of 15 -25 years (34%) and females outnumbered males (54.8% versus 45.2%). Route of poisoning was mostly oral (89.1%). Most poison exposures were suicidal (51.5%). Drug poisoning constituted the majority of cases (59.5%). Centrally acting drugs were the commonest drugs (18%) and household chemicals were the commonly used poisons (13.4%). Poisoning severity score was mild in 79.4% of cases, moderate in 14.4% and severe in 6.2% of cases. Mortality rate was 0.66%. Higher PSS was associated with prolonged hospital stay and death. Conclusion:Poisoning is more common in young and middle-aged people. Ingestion was the main route of poisoning and suicidal poisoning predominated. Corrosives and detergents were the most commonly involved toxic substances while centrally acting drugs topped the list of drug poisoning. Higher PSS was associated with prolonged hospital stay and death. Recommendations:Poisoning severity score is a simple tool for better poisoning assessment. Strict regulations are needed to control medication marketing.

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“…These included symptoms ranging from mild depression and disorientation to severe agitation, convulsions, and acute psychosis. These were followed by gastrointestinal symptoms and a wide range of cardiorespiratory presentations [ 5 – 7 ], and to a lesser extent, acute renal injury, fulminant liver failure, and stroke were observed [ 8 – 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic effects of AB-CHMINACA on liver and kidney and detection of its blood level in adult male mice

et al. 2023

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Background AB-CHMINACA is a cannabimimetic indazole derivative. In 2013, it was reported in different countries as a substance of abuse. Purpose This study evaluated the subacute toxic effects of AB-CHMINACA on the liver and kidneys and measured its blood level in adult male mice. Methods The histological and biochemical subacute toxic effects on the liver and kidneys were assessed after four weeks of daily intraperitoneal injections of one of the following doses: 0.3 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg as the highest dose in adult male albino mice. In addition, the blood concentration level of AB-CHMINACA was determined by GC–MS-MS. Results The histological effects showed congestion, hemorrhage, degeneration, and cellular infiltration of the liver and kidney tissues. Considering the control groups as a reference, biochemical results indicated a significant increase in the serum AST only in the highest dose group, while the ALT and creatinine levels did not significantly change. The mean values of AB-CHMINACA blood levels were 3.05 ± 1.16, 15.08 ± 4.30, and 54.43 ± 8.70 ng/mL for the three treated groups, respectively, one hour after the last dose of intraperitoneal injection. The calibration curves were linear in the 2.5–500 ng/mL concentration range. The intra-assay precision and accuracy of the method were less than 7.0% (RSD) and ± 9.2% (Bias). Conclusion This research supports the available case reports on AB-CHMINACA toxicity that it has low lethality; still, the chronic administration causes evident liver and kidney histotoxic effects even at low doses with unnoticeable clinical effects in mice.

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Analysis of K2 products sold as incense

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses

Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses

Evaluation of Severity of Poisoning Exposures among Patients Presented to Poison Control Center, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Egypt during 2019

Toxic effects of AB-CHMINACA on liver and kidney and detection of its blood level in adult male mice

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