Analysis of Lichen Metabolites, a Variety of Approaches

In situDART-MS as a Versatile and Rapid Dereplication Tool in Lichenology: Chemical Fingerprinting ofOphioparma ventosa

“…Valuation of lichens unique metabolites for therapeutic purposes is generating an increasing interest (Shukla et al, 2010) pledging for the development of refined dereplication tools to focus on minor and unknown metabolites. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) remains the most common dereplication approach in lichenology, often associated with detection in MS/MS or MS n mode (Le Pogam et al, 2015a). Since many lichen metabolites are shown to crystallise on the external surfaces of hyphae (Boustie et al, 2011), new trends in lichenology include in situ analysis to get information directly from the natural complex matrix (Le Pogam et al, 2015a).…”

The Use of Anisaldehyde Sulfuric Acid as an Alternative Spray Reagent in TLC Analysis Reveals Three Classes of Compounds in the Genus <em>Usnea</em> Adans. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)

“…Chemical analyses were performed in three routinely used solvent systems: A (toluene/ dioxane/ acetic acid: 180:45:5), B (n-hexane/MTBE/ formic acid-65:40:10) and C (toluene/ acetic acid-200:30) [16,17]. After brief drying, the plates are visualized on UV light (254 nm and 365 nm) and are sprayed with a stable solution of anisaldehyde sulfuric reagent (ANS: anisaldehyde/acetic acid/methanol/sulfuric acid-0.5:10:85:5) until wet, and then heated at 110ºC until development of spots, which were visualized on visible light [18]. We identified when possible the family class according to the colors and retention value (Rf).…”

“…The plates were then eluted using two solvent systems: i) D (ethyl acetate/formic acid /acetic acid /water -100/11/11/27); ii) E (butanol-1/acetone/water-5/4/1) [16]. Then, plates were sprayed with two different spray reagents: thymol sulfuric acid [18] and anisaldehyde sulfuric acid (anisaldehyde/acetic acid/methanol/sulfuric acid-0.5:10:85:5).…”

Xanthones of Lichen Source: A 2016 Update

“…A further strategy to improve the information granted by the aforementioned separative techniques is the subsequent detection by mass spectrometry. If HPLC-MS of lichen extracts is now widely used for lichen dereplication, with the possible detection of xanthones, no TLC-MS reports have yet been made to the best of the authors’ knowledge [77]. To date, no standardized liquid chromatography-UV-mass spectrometry methodology has been published on lichen metabolites.…”