“…We therefore propose A. indica as a good herbaceous model for gall development, since it is easy to find in nature and to cultivate in the laboratory, and transgenic methods have been established for related species such as A. annua (Hassani et al, 2023). A. indica produces functional ingredients such as artemisinin and lutein (Komuro et al, 2017;Mannan et al, 2011), and our preliminary data show that Wata galls possess antioxidant activity similar to A. indica leaves, so the gall system of A. indica will be valuable for both basic and applied research in the future. The samples were dehydrated through an ethanol series (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 99.5%, v/v) and an ethanol-lemosol series (ethanol/lemosol = 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100) and replaced with wax using Paraplast Plus (Sigma-Aldrich, Japan).…”