“…The iron oxide content that is often found in iron sand is magnetite, titanomagnetite, ilmenite, hematite, and maghemite. There are other follower minerals such as rutile (TiO2), ilmenite, shene, silica (SiO2), alumina, and others (Setiady et al, 2020;Purnawan et al, 2018;Vistarani et al, 2019;Begum et al, 2019;Moustafa, 2023;Abdel-Karim et al, 2017). Beside the high Fe content in iron sand, there are also elements C, Na, Mg, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn (Khwaja et al, 2015).…”