Analysis of Maize (Zea mays) Kernel Density and Volume Using Microcomputed Tomography and Single-Kernel Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Gustin, Jeffery L.; Jackson, S.; Williams, Chekeria; Patel, Anokhee; Armstrong, Paul R.; Peter, Gary F.; Settles, A. Mark

doi:10.1021/jf403790v

Cited by 41 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This is in contrast to rice, where a single mutant lacking function of the pdk1 homolog caused an opaque phenotype (24). Single-kernel near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra predicted starch, protein, and oil content, as well as density, in the segregating populations (27,28). No consistent differences between wild-type and mutant siblings were observed regarding composition, although NIR spectra differences correlated with elevated density in pdk2-DsEx4 homozygous kernels (SI Appendix, Table S1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Functions of maize genes encoding pyruvate phosphate dikinase in developing endosperm

Lappe

Baier

Boehlein

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Maize opaque2 (o2) mutations are beneficial for endosperm nutritional quality but cause negative pleiotropic effects for reasons that are not fully understood. Direct targets of the bZIP transcriptional regulator encoded by o2 include pdk1 and pdk2 that specify pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK). This enzyme reversibly converts AMP, pyrophosphate, and phosphoenolpyruvate to ATP, orthophosphate, and pyruvate and provides diverse functions in plants. This study addressed PPDK function in maize starchy endosperm where it is highly abundant during grain fill. pdk1 and pdk2 were inactivated individually by transposon insertions, and both genes were simultaneously targeted by endosperm-specific RNAi. pdk2 accounts for the large majority of endosperm PPDK, whereas pdk1 specifies the abundant mesophyll form. The pdk1- mutation is seedling-lethal, indicating that C4 photosynthesis is essential in maize. RNAi expression in transgenic endosperm eliminated detectable PPDK protein and enzyme activity. Transgenic kernels weighed the same on average as nontransgenic siblings, with normal endosperm starch and total N contents, indicating that PPDK is not required for net storage compound synthesis. An opaque phenotype resulted from complete PPDK knockout, including loss of vitreous endosperm character similar to the phenotype conditioned by o2-. Concentrations of multiple glycolytic intermediates were elevated in transgenic endosperm, energy charge was altered, and starch granules were more numerous but smaller on average than normal. The data indicate that PPDK modulates endosperm metabolism, potentially through reversible adjustments to energy charge, and reveal that o2- mutations can affect the opaque phenotype through regulation of PPDK in addition to their previously demonstrated effects on storage protein gene expression.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Functions of maize genes encoding pyruvate phosphate dikinase in developing endosperm

Lappe

Baier

Boehlein

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Mature seed traits of mre and pre mutants Single-kernel NIR spectroscopy was used to predict kernel composition traits of the mre and pre isolates (Spielbauer et al 2009;Gustin et al 2013). All mutants reduced seed weight and volume without affecting relative protein and starch content ( Figure S3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single-kernel near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy was used to predict quantitative kernel traits for 96 normal and 96 mutant kernels of each isolate (Gustin et al 2013). Predicted traits include: weight (milligrams), % oil, % protein, % starch, seed density (grams per cubic centimeters), material density (grams per cubic centimeters), seed volume (cubic millimeters), and material volume (cubic millimeters).…”

Section: Mature Kernel Phenotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parent-of-origin effectrough endospermmutants in maize

Bai

Daliberti

Bagadion

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Parent-of-origin-effect loci have non-Mendelian inheritance in which phenotypes are determined by either the maternal or paternal allele alone. In angiosperms, parent-of-origin effects can be caused by loci required for gametophyte development or by imprinted genes needed for seed development. Few parent-of-origin-effect loci have been identified in maize (Zea mays) even though there are a large number of imprinted genes known from transcriptomics. We screened rough endosperm (rgh) mutants for parent-oforigin effects using reciprocal crosses with inbred parents. Six maternal rough endosperm (mre) and three paternal rough endosperm (pre) mutants were identified with three mre loci mapped. When inherited from the female parent, mre/+ seeds reduce grain fill with a rough, etched, or pitted endosperm surface. Pollen transmission of pre mutants results in rgh endosperm as well as embryo lethality. Eight of the mutants had significant distortion from the expected one-to-one ratio for parent-of-origin effects. Linked markers for mre1, mre2, and mre3 indicated that the mutant alleles have no bias in transmission. Histological analysis of mre1, mre2, mre3, and pre*-949 showed altered timing of starch grain accumulation and basal endosperm transfer cell layer (BETL) development. The mre1 locus delays BETL and starchy endosperm development, while mre2 and pre*-949 cause ectopic starchy endosperm differentiation. We conclude that many parent-of-origin effects in maize have incomplete penetrance of kernel phenotypes and that there is a large diversity of endosperm developmental roles for parent-of-origin-effect loci.KEYWORDS parent-of-origin effect; gametophyte; imprinting; seed; endosperm T HE maternal and paternal parents have different genetic and epigenetic contributions to angiosperm seed development. Angiosperm seeds result from the double fertilization of two multicellular gametophytes (Walbot and Evans 2003). In diploid species, gametophytes grow from the haploid products of meiosis with the male and female gametophytes following different developmental programs. The male gametophyte or pollen grain, delivers two haploid sperm cells through the pollen tube to fertilize the female gametophyte. Fertilization of the egg forms a diploid zygote, and fertilization of the two central cell nuclei forms a triploid endosperm cell. The central cell and egg cell provide the vast majority of cytoplasm for the nascent endosperm and the zygote. In addition, the central cell genome has more open chromatin, and there is substantial evidence for a dominant maternal role to initiate the coordinate development of the endosperm and embryo (Baroux and Autran 2015;Borg and Borg 2015;Del Toro-De Leon et al. 2016).Mutations in loci specific to the development of either gametophyte are expected to show non-Mendelian inheritance such as reduced transmission and maternal effect seed phenotypes. Only a few maize seed mutants have been identified with maternal effects, and most of these mutants primarily affect gametophyte development. T...

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“…In maize compositional analysis, NIR spectroscopy has been only used to analyze protein and amino acids (Rosales, Galicia, Oviedo, Islas, & Palacios-Rojas, 2011), as well as kernel density and volume (Gustin et al, 2013). The determination of physicochemical and biochemical characteristics is significant for the breeding and selection processes (Motto, Hartings, Fracassetti, & Consonni, 2011;Rosales, Galicia, Oviedo, Islas, & Palacios-Rojas, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Elite Open-Pollinated Maize Lines in Two Contrasting Environments

Greveniotis¹,

Bouloumpasi²,

Tsakiris³

et al. 2017

JAS

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Selection environment affects plant behavior and response to selection. The objective of the present study was the evaluation of 17 quality and quantity phenotypic characteristics of six open-pollinated maize lines of fifth cycle of selection (C4), which was performed by the implementation of honeycomb breeding, in two contrasting environments (A and B) The soil chemical analysis revealed that the two environments were very diverse (A: SL, pH = 6.25, organic matter: 1.29%, B: SCL, pH = 8, organic matter: 2.4%). Our data suggest that moisture content, seed oil content, ear length, ear diameter, number of grain rows, spindle diameter and seed thickness exhibit inter-location high broad-sense heritability (over 0.9). Heritability estimations were highly depended on the environment, since GEI interaction was high indicating environmental interaction with genotype, especially environment B, which seems to favor heritability. Location affects strongly variation and genotype by environment interaction is significant in many cases. Seed width was the only characteristic to be depended on genetic variability. Descriptive statistics revealed a broad range of mean fluctuations, indicating satisfactory variability in many characteristics to be exploited by breeders. Some characteristics showed low CV (Coefficient of Variation) values (1.6 to 5.3), indicating stability of performance and low environmental effects. Significant correlations between the 17 quantity and quality traits found in our study may be a useful tool for indirect selection of certain characteristics, otherwise difficult to be selected due to non-additive effects. Cluster analysis and PCA showed contrasting results in classification of open-pollinated lines and this was attributed to strong environmental effects that distorted phenotypic expression of the characteristics studied.

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Analysis of Maize (Zea mays) Kernel Density and Volume Using Microcomputed Tomography and Single-Kernel Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Cited by 41 publications

References 24 publications

Functions of maize genes encoding pyruvate phosphate dikinase in developing endosperm

Functions of maize genes encoding pyruvate phosphate dikinase in developing endosperm

Parent-of-origin effectrough endospermmutants in maize

Evaluation of Elite Open-Pollinated Maize Lines in Two Contrasting Environments

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