Analysis of Migration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Sewage Sludge Used for Fertilization to Soils, Surface Waters, and Plants

Abstract

In this paper, we discuss the effect sewage sludge (SS) application has on the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fertilized soils and groundwater. Morver, the contents of these compounds in plant biomass was analyzed. For six months, composted sewage sludge was introduced into sandy soil. The research was conducted under lysimetric experiment conditions with the possibility of collecting soil leachate in natural conditions. The following doses of sewage sludge were used: 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 t/ha calculated per experimental object containing 10 kg of sandy soil. The examinations were carried out within a three-year time frame. Dactylis glomerata grass was grown on the fertilized soils. Every year, the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was collected from fertilized objects and analyzed in soil leachate, which can contaminate surface water. The following six polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons defined by Polish standards were determined: benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Further, the content of PAHs in soils and the bioaccumulation of these compounds in cultivated plants were evaluated after each year. The results of the study showed that the increase in the dose of sewage sludge used for soil fertilization led to the rise in the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analyzed in the soil. The compounds migrated to cultivated plants. This phenomenon was observed especially in the first year following soil fertilization with sewage sludge. Excessive accumulation of PAHs (especially benzo(a)pyrene) was observed in plant biomass in the first year of a lysimetric experiment after sewage sludge fertilization with doses greater than 10 t/ha. The increase in bioaccumulation of this compound in plant biomass compared to control objects was 138%, 288%, and 505% after application of 20, 30, and 40 t/ha, respectively. Fertilization with sewage sludge did not cause contamination with PAHs in water leachates from the soils.

Chemical Composition and Hazardous Effects of Leachate from the Active Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Surrounded by Farmlands

“…Recently, the amount of waste, particularly municipal solid waste (MSW), has been rapidly growing in many countries worldwide due to the increasing standard of living or because of industrial and business development [1][2][3]. One of the most widespread methods used for the final disposal of MSW is landfilling [1].…”

“…Recently, the amount of waste, particularly municipal solid waste (MSW), has been rapidly growing in many countries worldwide due to the increasing standard of living or because of industrial and business development [1][2][3]. One of the most widespread methods used for the final disposal of MSW is landfilling [1]. The global trend in landfilling applies not only to big industrial cities with thousands of tons of waste disposed on landfills every day [3,4], but also to rural areas where similar amounts of waste are landfilled each year.…”

Migration and Economic Inequality in Indonesia: Longitudinal Data Analysis

“…The conditions most felt by individuals become rational considerations, where they migrate to the city in the hope of finding better work and higher income than that available in the village. The city is a destination to try one's luck because it promises more prospects and opportunities than a village (Stańczyk-Mazanek, Stępniak, & Kępa, 2019).…”

The Influence of Leachate Water on Corrosion Rate of Mild Steel Plate

“…Every day waste from home or office causes pollution of soil, water and air. Landfilling becomes one of the widely applied solutions used for final disposal of municipal waste [1]. Final waste landfill (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir,TPA) has become the final place to dump various kinds of municipal waste.…”