Analysis of multi-pesticide residues in the foods of animal origin by GC–MS coupled with accelerated solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatography cleanup

Determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables using solid phase micro-extraction coupled with gas chromatography–flame photometric detector

“…Alternatively, solid-phase extraction (SPE) involving the use of different types of sorbents (e.g., amine, PSA, C18) has been used (Lo´pez-Blanco et al, 2006;Albero et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2009). Other extraction techniques such as accelerated solvent extraction (Conte et al, 1997;Bidari et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2011), matrix solid phase dispersion (Navarro et al, 2002;Torres et al, 1996;Radisˇic´et al, 2009;Muccio et al, 1997) and QuEChERS with dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) technique using different type of sorbents such as PSA, C18, silica gel, graphitised carbon black, florisil and amine modified graphene (Anastassiades and Lehotay, 2003;Walorczyk et al, 2011;Guan et al, 2013;Chai and Elie, 2013;Cies´lik et al, 2011) were also reported. Although these techniques provide many benefits such as the reduction of matrix interferences and minimisation of solvent consumption and save time, they generally lack selectivity and sometimes low recoveries of analytes are obtained (Navarro et al, 2002;Yang et al, 2011).…”

Organophosphorus Pesticides Analysis

“…The original research works devoted to OP pesticides analysis applying various chromatographic techniques: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Baugros et al, 2008;Chen & Huang, 2006;Cortés-Aguado et al, 2008;Cunha et al, 2009;Filho et al, 2010aFilho et al, , 2010bHassan et al, 2010;Kolberg et al, 2011;Lavagnini et al, 2011;Lesueur et al, 2008aLesueur et al, , 2008bLi et al, 2011b;Libin et al, 2006;López-Feria et al, 2009;Nguyen et al, 2008;Nguyen et al, 2010;Pang et al, 2006;Rodrigues et al, 2010;Silva et al, 2008;Sinha et al, 2006;Toledano et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2007;Wang et al, 2011;Wu et al, 2011;Yang et al, 2011), gas chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (Barco-Bonilla et al, 2010;Camino-Sánchez et al, 2008;Frenich et al, 2006;Fuentes et al, 2008Fuentes et al, , 2009García-Rodríguez et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2008;Qu et al, 2010;Walorczyk, 2008;Walorczyk & Gnusowski, 2009), gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (González-Rodríguez et al, 2008;Przybylski & Hommet, 2008), gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Hernández et al, 2010;Portolés et al, 2011), high performance liquid chromatography (Akkad et al, 2010;…”

Sample Preparation Methods for Pesticide Analysis in Food Commodities, Biological and Environment Matrices

“…Solid matrices including soil, sediment, food commodities, and air sampling solid sorbent materials (filter, polyurethane foam, solid sorbents (XAD-2, XAD-4, Tenax-TA)) are extracted prior to an SPE (or dSPE) cleanup step with a variety of approaches including microwave extraction, pressurized liquid extraction (as referred commonly as pressurized solvent extraction), ultrasonic extraction, and traditional solid-liquid extractions [41,45,57,61,66,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]. These approaches are not selective and the polarity of the organic solvents and choices of additives in these extraction procedures will impact the co-extractive matrix, which necessitate the subsequent SPE or dSPE cleanup choices.…”

“…In addition, for SPE, aqueous extracts are easier to optimize SPE loading, washing, and elution steps as extracts of organic solvents need careful consideration to ensure adequate retention of target analytes on sorbent materials to prevent washout. The most common solvent choices for pressurized liquid extraction and microwave extraction of solid matrices were acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, acetone, hexane, or combinations of these solvents [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]. With microwave extraction, acetone has been added to hexane (2:1) to improve the recoveries for polar OPs, while use of hexane can reduce matrix co-extractives [81].…”

“…Reduction in coextracts has also been reported with acetonitrile rather than methanol or acetone (with microwave extraction) and good recoveries have been reported for OCs and neonicotinoids [83,84]. Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and acetonitrile have also been commonly used for pressurized solvent extraction of a large range of polarity of pesticides [41,57,65,66,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96].…”