Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Rubber by Infrared Spectroscopy

Dinsmore, H. L.; Smith, David

doi:10.1021/ac60013a004

Cited by 83 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In a polym er or copolym er containing a diene, there is the possibility that th ere will be presen t a mixture of 1,2-and 1,4-a ddition (or 3,4-in isopren e), and the value of h eat of polymerization will vary according to the r a tio [32, 33,34,35) . The 1,2-addition m ay lead to cross-linking.…”

Section: Heats Of Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heats of polymerization - a summary of published values and their relation to structure

Roberts¹

1950

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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This paper contain s a table showing values of heats of polymerization assembl ed from a survey of t h e li terature. There are 42 substit uted vin yl compounds arranged as follows: vinyl alkyls, vinyl aryls, other vinyls, vi nyl acids and esters, dienes and copoly m ers. Values reported by differen t authors are gi ven for each com pound, wi th correspondin g states of monomers and ploym ers and a notation on t he methods used in obtaining t he values. A second table gives structural formulas of monomers.Some values of heats of polymeri zation to hypothetical polymers having no ste ri c hindrance are calculated from published values of heats of form ation of hydrocarbon s, making ce rtain ass4mptions regardin g branch groups. Th e m ethod of calculation is expla in ed. H eat of polymerization is a rbi t rari ly assigned to four energy effects : (1 ) t he reaction I I I IC= C ---> -C-C-; (2) t he eff ect of side g ro ups on bond energies wh en t he re is no in te r- I I I I .action between the groups; (3) thc eff cct of ste ri c hindrance between ide g roups ; and (4) thc "e nd eff ect" a r isin g from the nearn css of t he double bond to the en d of t he monomer molec ule. Values of hcats of polymerization a re compared , and t he ir relation to s t r ucture is examined, with particular emphasis on t he effect of s teric hindrance. Etyhlene has t he highest and alpha-methylsty rene t he lowes t heat of pol y me ri zation ; isobute nc and the methac rylates also are low. D isubstitution on the same vinyl carbon is a frequent cause of ste ri c interference, with consequent recluctionin heat of polymerization . Large b ra nched substi tuents may causc ste ri c inte rfe rence. The substit u tion of chlorin e on the aromatic ring of styrene has little effect on heat of polym eri zation. Steric interferen ce may prcvent polymerization above the dim e r. The heat of copolymer ization of butadien e an d styrene lics between the values for t he separate monom ers. H eat of copolymeri zation of other monom cr pairs may be higher or lower than the val ue for t he separate compon ents. H eat of polymeriza tion depends somewhat on t he ratio of 1,2-a nd 1,4-addition, and on t he amount of crystallinity of the polymers.

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Section: Heats Of Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heats of polymerization - a summary of published values and their relation to structure

Roberts¹

1950

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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“…From these values of percentage composition, the a vs. v curves inFigure 3and the average shape of the 909 cm.-l band for the olehs inTable I, the 887.5 cm.-l band was "computed out" by subtracting the calculated contributions from cis and trans 1,4 and 1,2 addition products from the observed polymer spectra. The 887 5. cm.-' band was selected first because there were several polymers (alfin and sodium catalyzed polyisoprene) where this was the strongest band in the spectrum and the contribution of the other structures to the spectrum appeared only as minor corrections.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared examination of various polyisoprenes

Richardson¹,

Sacher²

1953

J. Polym. Sci.

123

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The infrared spectra of synthetic polyisoprenes have been used to obtain quantitative analyses for the various types of addition occurring in the polymers. It is found that the composition of polymers prepared in bulk and emulsion systems is, within experimental error, independent of specific catalyst and per cent conversion of monomer to polymer. The structure of these materials is affected by preparation temperature, increasing temperature leading to a slight increase in 3,4 addition and a large increase in cis 1,4 addition. Polymers prepared in solution with alfin and sodium catalysts show increased amounts of 3,4 addition at the expense of 1,4 addition. Polymers prepared with a cationic catalyst (BF3) are apparently not exclusively linear polyisoprenes.

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“…In addition, the information can be correlated to the nature of chemical bonds present in the molecules and can also be used for the interpretation of the overall molecular configurations. [1] The applications of spectroscopic techniques not only for the identification of polymer materials but also for elastomer products, especially for control and specification in the rubber industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They prepared the supramolecular elastomer by a two-step synthesis. 1 Sembawa Research Centre -Indonesia Rubber…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Sunflower Oil Based Elastomer and Its Characterization by Using Spectroscopic Techniques

Purbaya¹,

Nor

Suwardin³

2015

Macromolecular Symposia

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Summary A new elastomer was successfully materialized from sunflower oil (a vegetable oil). The reaction was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FTNMR) methods. FTIR analysis indicated that amine functional groups appear at 3325 cm−1 representing N‐H stretching of primary and secondary amines and at 1645 cm−1 representing N‐H deformation of primary amines. The hydrogen bonding was confirmed with the appearance a broad peak in the region 2500–3800 cm−1. FTNMR analysis also show the appearance amine functional groups at peak 5.4 ppm in 1H NMR representing proton in amine functional groups and peaks at 151 ppm and 156.6 ppm in 13C NMR representing carbon in amine functional groups.

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Analysis of Natural and Synthetic Rubber by Infrared Spectroscopy

Cited by 83 publications

References 14 publications

Heats of polymerization - a summary of published values and their relation to structure

Heats of polymerization - a summary of published values and their relation to structure

Infrared examination of various polyisoprenes

Synthesis of Sunflower Oil Based Elastomer and Its Characterization by Using Spectroscopic Techniques

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