Analysis of optimal operation of a fed-batch emulsion copolymerization reactor used for production of particles with core–shell morphology

Synthesis of styrene–acrylate emulsion by glow discharge electrolysis plasma and its application for the conservation of simulated disrupting murals in Dunhuang Mogao grottoes

“…According to the Fox equation: 1/ T g = w 1 / T 1 + w 2 / T 2 +…… + w i / T i ( w i is the mass percent of i 'th monomer in copolymer composition; T g is the glass transition temperature of copolymers; T i is the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of the i 'th monomer). [ 50 ] The theoretical T g of ST–acrylate emulsion is 6.4°C. The real T g value ( T g = 19.5°C) is different from the theoretical prediction because the Fox equation used to predict T g does not consider the cross‐linking and hydration degree of the sample.…”

Inline Raman Spectroscopy of an Emulsion Copolymerization in an Industrial Pilot Plant Using Indirect Hard Modeling

“…While monitoring the concentrations can allow to detect a faulty batch, the final goal is to use this information for process control to adjust the operation and produce in-spec material. Optimized semi-batch operation for desired particle morphology [18], [19] requires tight control as the particle morphology depends strongly on the conversion and reactor temperature. In [20], a closed-loop advanced process control for particle morphology is described using online Raman measurements for concentration predictions.…”