Analysis of organobromine compounds and HBr in motor car exhaust gases with a GC/microwave plasma system

Baumann, Heinrich; Heumann, Klaus G.

doi:10.1007/bf00469815

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…It has been seen that the flights most likely to characterize emissions from North America (1, 3, and 4) also exhibited particularly high ethane and propane mixing ratios. Figure 4 also shows that this layer contained enhanced methyl bromide concentrations, supporting reports of continental sources for this gas which include agricultural [Yagi et al, 1995] and domestic fumigation and leaded gasoline [Baumann and Heumann, 1987]. Figure 7 (missions 5, 6, and 7) shows that the MBL ozone is only about half the FT value.…”

Section: From the Relative Rates Of Reaction Of Ho With The Various Hsupporting

confidence: 67%

Nonmethane hydrocarbon and halocarbon distributions during Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange, June 1992

Blake¹,

Blake²,

Smith³

et al. 1996

J. Geophys. Res.

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Aircraft measurements of selected nonmethane hydrocarbon and halocarbon species were made in the lower troposphere of the NE Atlantic near the Azores, Portugal, during June 1992 as part of the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange. In this paper, the impact of continental outflow from both Europe and North America on the study region were assessed. Four main air mass types were characterized from trajectories and trace gas concentrations: clean marine from the Atlantic, and continental air from the Iberian Peninsula, the British Isles and Northern Europe, and North America. Each classification exhibited trace gas concentrations that had been modified en route by photochemical processes and mixing. Comparison with the clean marine boundary layer (MBL) shows that the boundary layer of the predominantly continental air masses were enhanced in hydrocarbons and halocarbons by factors of approximately 2 for ethane, 5 for propane, 2–6 for ethyne and benzene, and 2–3 for C2Cl4. The same air masses also exhibited large ozone enhancements, with 2 to 3 times higher mixing ratios in the continental boundary layer air compared to the clean MBL. This indicates a primarily anthropogenic photochemical source for a significant fraction of the lower tropospheric ozone in this region. Methyl bromide exhibited on average 10–20% higher concentrations in the boundary layer affected by continental outflow than in the clean MBL, and was seen to be enhanced in individual plumes of air of continental origin. This is consistent with significant anthropogenic sources for methyl bromide. In addition, median MBL concentrations of ethene and methyl iodide showed enhancements of approximately a factor of 2 above free tropospheric values, suggesting primarily coastal/oceanic sources for these species.

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Section: From the Relative Rates Of Reaction Of Ho With The Various Hsupporting

confidence: 67%

Nonmethane hydrocarbon and halocarbon distributions during Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange, June 1992

Blake¹,

Blake²,

Smith³

et al. 1996

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…4 % (2.1 -2.7 %). This was significantly lower than the commonly used Baumann and Heumann emission factor of 23% (15 -28%) [Baumann and Heumann, 1987], and is lower than the more recent emission factors of 10% (4 -17%) [Chen et al, 1999] [Hao, 1986] emission factor was used, an estimate of 0.03 kT yr '• resulted, which appears to be an underestimation. Implications for future studies include testing additional vehicle/engine types for comparison with these emissions and for better global estimates, using other standard driving cycles to simulate specific areas of the world, more investigation into the correlation between CH3Br emissions and regulated emissions, and using more detailed models of vehicle/driving cycles to estimate global emissions.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Although the use of leaded gasoline is severely limited in the United States, it is still widely used throughout developing countries [King and Wagner, 1995]. Some of the shortcomings of previous work [Baumam • and Heumann, 1987], [Chakrabarti and Bell, 1994], [Harsch and Rasnmssen, 1977], [Hero, 1986] to directly measure exhaust emissions of CH3Br from vehicles has been discussed by Thomas…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A study of methyl bromide emissions from automobiles burning leaded gasoline using standardized vehicle testing procedures

Bertram

Kolowich

2000

Geophysical Research Letters

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Abstract. This study measured CH3Br emissions directly from vehicular exhaust while operating under standardized dynamometer conditions, and generated response curves to see if the bromine content of the fuel could be correlated to and used as a predictor for tailpipe emissions. Four lead and bromine fuel concentrations were run in two non-catalyst automobiles using the standard Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle and exhaust samples were analyzed for CH.•Br using Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection (GC-ECD). Total FFP exhaust emissions of CH.•Br produced a range of average values from below detection to 26 mg (kg fuel burned) -•. Total FFP Emission Rates were plotted and response curves demonstrated that fuel bromine content was indeed predictive of CH3Br emission rates. Overall average CH3Br mass emission factor was 2.4% (2.1 -2.7%) which was lower than previous work. Emission results of this study were found to be about 10-fold lower than indirect methods.

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“…Large quantities of 1,2‐dibromoethane were added to leaded‐fuel as a scavenger for Pb, thereby preventing lead‐oxide deposition by converting it to volatile lead‐bromide salts (Nriagu, 1990; Oudijk, 2010). During leaded‐gasoline combustion, it has been shown that most bromine is emitted as PbBrCl particles (Habibi, 1973), as an upper limit 15%–28% as methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) (Baumann & Heumann, 1987), and only 1% as HBr. The freshly emitted bromine aerosol has a Br/Pb mass ratio of 0.386.…”

Section: Bromine Aerosolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of Enhanced Bromine Levels in Alpine Ice Cores During the 20th Century: Implications for Bromine in the Free European Troposphere

et al. 2021

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Aside from bromine aerosols directly emitted into the atmosphere by natural sources (sea-salt and mineral dust) and anthropogenic sources (primarily PbBrCl from the combustion of leaded-gasoline (Habibi, 1973)), most inorganic bromine atmospheric species are gases. Among these gases, bromine radicals (Br and BrO) are catalysts for ozone destruction and influence the budget of HO x and NO x radicals. The impact of halogens on tropospheric chemistry first emerged as an issue from observation of sudden decreases in surface ozone in spring both in the Arctic (Bottenheim et al., 1986) and coastal Antarctica (Friess et al., 2004). More recent observational studies have shown the importance of reactive bromine species in the present-day global troposphere (Volkamer et al., 2015). At the global scale, the role of bromine chemistry has been assessed by numerous transport-chemistry model simulations (

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Analysis of organobromine compounds and HBr in motor car exhaust gases with a GC/microwave plasma system

Cited by 21 publications

References 41 publications

Nonmethane hydrocarbon and halocarbon distributions during Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange, June 1992

Nonmethane hydrocarbon and halocarbon distributions during Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange, June 1992

A study of methyl bromide emissions from automobiles burning leaded gasoline using standardized vehicle testing procedures

Causes of Enhanced Bromine Levels in Alpine Ice Cores During the 20th Century: Implications for Bromine in the Free European Troposphere

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