Analysis of organochlorine pesticides residues in fish from Edko Lake (North of Egypt) using eco-friendly method and their health implications for humans

Abstract

Levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in tilapia fish and their health risk associated with the consumption of fish from Edko lake, Egypt were determined. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) was used for extraction and clean-up of 18 OCPs residues from fish followed by GC-ECD and GC-ITD analytical tools were employed for identification of OPs. Out of the 18 OCPs, only heptachlorepoxide, p,p-DDE, dieldrin, p,p-DDD, and endrin ketone were detected in muscles of fish with concentrations of 0.1144, 0.2119, 0.4352, 0.1196, and 0.1323 µg/Kg bw, respectively. Results of the risk assessment calculations showed that dieldrin had a health risk index of more than one. This means that there was a health risk to adults associated with the consumption of fish. On the other hand, heptachlorepoxide, p,p-DDE, p,p-DDD, and endrin ketone did not show any direct health risk. Contamination of fish, collected from Edko lake in Egypt, with residues of OCPs might pose health implications if fish were consumed fresh.

Organochlorine pesticides residue affinity in fish muscle and their public health risks in North West Ethiopia

“…This minimum exposure with no public health risk (HRI < 1) was recorded in different studies, for instance in Ghana by Gbeddy et al ( 2012 ) and Akoto et al ( 2016 ). Similar to our finding, HRI of Endosalfan I, Endosalfan II, 4, 4, DDE, and 4, 4, DDD residues in fish of Edko Lake, Egypt did not have a public health risk (HRI < 1) (Abbassy et al, 2021 ). Another study by Hasan et al ( 2022 ) in Bangladesh detects less than 1 HRI organochlorine pesticide in fish.…”

“…This minimum exposure with no public health risk (HRI < 1) was recorded in different studies, for instance in Ghana byGbeddy et al (2012) andAkoto et al (2016). Similar to our finding, HRI of Endosalfan I, Endosalfan II, 4, 4, DDE, and 4, 4, DDD residues in fish of Edko Lake, Egypt did not have a public health risk (HRI < 1)(Abbassy et al, 2021).Another study byHasan et al (2022) in Bangladesh detects less than 1 HRI organochlorine pesticide in fish. In contrast to our finding, the study done byYohannes et al (2014) on a Rift Valley Lake-Lake in Ziway, Ethiopia, indicated a potential cancer risk from consumption of the fish from the calculated hazard ratio (HR).…”

Review of scientific literature on available methods of assessing organochlorine pesticides in the environment

“…High sensitivity, high resolution, and symmetrical peak morphologies (no tailing) can be achieved by optimizing the chromatographic settings across a number of trials for the separation and detection of OCPs [ 355 ]. The method should be kept under regular evaluation and updated as necessary to reflect advancements in technology, legislation, or lab specifications.…”

Water quality, human health risk, and pesticides accumulation in African catfish and Nile tilapia from the Kitchener Drain-Egypt

“…It is worth noting that the highest organochlorine and organophosphorus compounds have been detected in Nile tilapia in autumn (106.8 ppb), followed by winter (45.63 ppb), then summer (40.9 ppb) and spring (33 ppb), respectively. This might be as a result of the high hydrophobicity and lipophilicity of these compounds as well as their potential retention in organisms' organic phases 32 .…”