Analysis of Orphan and Difficult Herbicides and/or Pesticides

Raina‐Fulton, Renata; Yang, Liu

doi:10.1002/9780470027318.a9603

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…For the individual compounds, DIN and NIT were the top contributors, with discharges of 412 (CI = 271–603) and 271 (CI = 181–393) tons during the dry season and 176 (CI = 115–258) and 187 (CI = 132–263) tons during the wet season, respectively. IMI, ACE, and THIA were the most commonly used types of neonicotinoids in China. , However, their discharges turned out to be relatively small compared with those of DIN and NIT. The annual discharges of IMI, ACE, and THIA were 35.7 (CI = 28.8–45.2), 8.56 (CI = 6.29–11.6), and 32.0 (CI = 23.4–43.8) tons, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, the neonicotinoid fluxes were established separately for the upper and midlower Yangtze River as follows (in units of tons) where L Upstream In , L Tributary In , L Nonpoint In , L Sewage In , L Sediment Release , and L Precipitation are the inputs from upstream, tributaries/lakes, nonpoint sources, sewage discharges, sediment release and precipitation, respectively, and L Downstream Out , L Water Use Out , L Photolysis , and L Evaporation Out are the losses from downstream, water use, photolysis process, and evaporation, respectively. When solving the equation, the following assumptions were made: (a) compared with runoff from agricultural areas into the rivers (nonpoint source), the sewage discharge from industrial production (point source) into the rivers is considered small for neonicotinoids; , (b) because neonicotinoids are a type of hydrophilic substance, it is difficult for them to absorb into sediment, which results in low concentrations in the sediments, ,, and thus, the release of neonicotinoids from sediments is expected to be very low; and (c) the exchange of neonicotinoids between water and air consists of precipitation and evaporation. According to previous studies, the concentration of neonicotinoid in the air was in the range from 1.0 to 4.0 pg/m 3 , , 6–7 orders of magnitude lower than that in the water found in this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When solving the equation, the following assumptions were made: (a) compared with runoff from agricultural areas into the rivers (nonpoint source), the sewage discharge from industrial production (point source) into the rivers is considered small for neonicotinoids; , (b) because neonicotinoids are a type of hydrophilic substance, it is difficult for them to absorb into sediment, which results in low concentrations in the sediments, ,, and thus, the release of neonicotinoids from sediments is expected to be very low; and (c) the exchange of neonicotinoids between water and air consists of precipitation and evaporation. According to previous studies, the concentration of neonicotinoid in the air was in the range from 1.0 to 4.0 pg/m 3 , , 6–7 orders of magnitude lower than that in the water found in this study. Therefore, the model can be simplified to the following form after removing the negligible amounts of L Sewage In , L Sediment Release , and L Precipitation The input of the upstream and tributaries/lakes and the output of the downstream are calculated by multiplying average concentrations of neonicotinoids ( C Upstream In , C Tributary In , and C Downstream Out ) with the water flow volumes ( V Upstream In , V Tributary In , and V Downstream Out ) in different sites accordingly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resolution of the Ongoing Challenge of Estimating Nonpoint Source Neonicotinoid Pollution in the Yangtze River Basin Using a Modified Mass Balance Approach

Chen

Zang

Shen

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

100

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Neonicotinoid insecticides have been widely consumed worldwide, particularly in China. There is a growing interest in the environmental research community about the occurrence, fates, sources, and risks of neonicotinoids. Nine neonicotinoids in river/lake water were measured at 12 sites along the Yangtze River Basin during the dry and wet seasons in 2016, and nonpoint sources were also identified based on a modified mass balance method. A significantly higher concentration of neonicotinoids was found during the dry season probably due to the dilution effect and insecticide consumption. The high pollution levels are due to posing high ecological risks compared with the recommended thresholds. In 2016, 1190 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 822–1690) tons of neonicotinoids were transferred into the adjacent sea. Nonpoint source pollution (1700 (CI = 1200–2370) tons) was the major contributor (91.3%) to the total input of neonicotinoids into the system. Composition profiles identifying specific neonicotinoid sources indicated some changes in usage patterns from old to new types of neonicotinoids. This spatial and seasonal field study and source identification is expected to fill the data gap regarding the limited information on neonicotinoid use patterns and to inform further effective policy-making and intervention programs in China that should be urgently promoted in the near future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Resolution of the Ongoing Challenge of Estimating Nonpoint Source Neonicotinoid Pollution in the Yangtze River Basin Using a Modified Mass Balance Approach

Chen

Zang

Shen

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

100

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Analysis of Herbicide and/or Pesticide Residues in Dietary Botanical Supplements

Raina‐Fulton

Aborkhees

Behdarvandan

2018

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Analysis of pesticides in nutraceuticals, particularly dietary botanical supplements, is challenging owing to the low water content of powder or tablet samples and potentially higher concentration of co‐extracts produced during the drying and manufacturing processes. These co‐extracts can cause signal suppression or enhancement in mass spectrometric (MS) detection. Poor chromatographic stability and peak shapes can also be observed from co‐eluting matrix components. Sample preparation is critical to the detection of pesticides in extracts, and the major sample preparation methods used for dietary botanical supplements included modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) methods, dilute‐and‐shoot, and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with in‐cell (on‐line) cleanup. Additional cleanup of extracts was completed by dispersive solid‐phase extraction (dSPE) or solid‐phase extraction (SPE). Recoveries of individual pesticides from a variety of chemical classes of varying polarities were evaluated using the major sample preparation approaches utilized for analysis of pesticides since 2010. Major chemical classes of pesticides included those predominately analyzed by GC‐MS/MS (pyrethroid insecticides) or LC‐MS/MS (carbamates, sulfonyl ureas, phenyl ureas, and neonicotinoid insecticides) and those that have greater flexibility to be analyzed by GC‐MS/MS or LC‐MS/MS (azole and strobilurin fungicides). Other selected herbicides including cyclohexene oxime herbicides, aryloxyphenoxy propionic herbicides, or fungicides that were included in multiresidue analysis methods were also examined. Common dSPE sorbents included primary secondary amine (PSA), octyldecyl silane (C18), graphitized carbon black (GCB), and zirconia and C18 bonded to silica (Z‐Sep + ), while carbon‐based sorbents were used for SPE along with Florisil ® . C18 and PSA were also used for SPE often in combination with a carbon‐based sorbent. Highlighted are the issues with different chemical classes or sample matrix types.

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Analysis of Orphan and Difficult Herbicides and/or Pesticides

Cited by 2 publications

References 111 publications

Resolution of the Ongoing Challenge of Estimating Nonpoint Source Neonicotinoid Pollution in the Yangtze River Basin Using a Modified Mass Balance Approach

Resolution of the Ongoing Challenge of Estimating Nonpoint Source Neonicotinoid Pollution in the Yangtze River Basin Using a Modified Mass Balance Approach

Analysis of Herbicide and/or Pesticide Residues in Dietary Botanical Supplements

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