Analysis of pacing and kinematics in 3000 m freestyle in elite level swimmers

López-Belmonte, Óscar; Ruiz-Navarro, Jesús J.; Gay, Ana; Cuenca-Fernández, Francisco; Mujika, Iñigo; Arellano, Raúl

doi:10.1080/14763141.2023.2184418

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This could be explained due to fatigue and loss of efficiency in the last part of the test [19], but also by the currents against the triathletes' swimming direction, as explained above. In line with previous studies with long-distance swimmers [15,40], the SL impairment was compensated by an increase in SR to maintain the swimming speed. However, in the case of female triathletes, SR was not significantly different from the mean throughout the race.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Biomechanical swimming parameters are related to the swimmers' technical ability, especially the role attached by the stroke variables [14,15]. Indeed, previous studies suggested the stroke length (SL) as a biomechanical variable to assess the skill enhancement in triathletes [16,17], where the most skilled usually present higher SL and lower stroke rate (SR) values than less skilled triathletes [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Open Water Swimming in Elite Triathletes: Physiological and Biomechanical Determinants

López-Belmonte,

Gay,

Ruiz-Navarro

et al. 2024

Int J Sports Med

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This study aimed (i) to analyze the 1500 m open water swimming performance, (ii) to examine the associations between physiological and biomechanical variables with swimming performance, and (iii) to determine which variables can predict swimming performance in triathletes. Fourteen elite triathletes (23.4±3.8 y) performed a 1500 m test in open water swimming conditions. Swimming performance was assessed using World Aquatics Points Scoring, and data were obtained from the 1500 m open water swimming test. Heart rate, end-exercise oxygen uptake (EE˙VO2) and blood lactate concentrations were measured. The initial 250 m of the 1500 m swimming test presented the highest values of biomechanical variables in males (i. e. swimming speed, stroke rate (SR), length (SL), index (SI)). A decrease in SL was observed in the last 250 m in both sexes. Positive association were found between EE˙VO2 (r=0.513; p=0.030), swimming speed (r=0.873; p<0.001) and SI (r=0.704; p=0.002) with swimming performance. In contrast, time constant of the oxygen uptake (r=−0.500; p=0.034) and buoy-turn times (r=−0.525; p=0.027) were negatively associated with performance. SI was the main predictor (R 2=0.495) of open water swimming performance in triathletes. In conclusion, triathletes and coaches must conduct open water training sessions to maximize SI (i. e. swimming efficiency).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Water Swimming in Elite Triathletes: Physiological and Biomechanical Determinants

López-Belmonte,

Gay,

Ruiz-Navarro

et al. 2024

Int J Sports Med

Self Cite

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“…The tele-anticipation model, whose goal is to conserve energy so that a final sprint can be performed afterward, is a likely explanation for athletes engaging in a slower rhythm in the second half of the 1500 m and in the middle of the 800 m race [43]. Consistent results have been reported for 3000-metre poll swimming with a first half of the race faster than the second half [44]. Changes in stroke frequency and length that reflect the onset of local fatigue may be the cause of a decreased velocity in the second part of the race [45].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Pacing Strategy of 800 m and 1500 m Freestyle Swimming Finals in the World Championships According to the Performance in Males and Females of Different Age Groups

Demarie,

Pycke,

Pizzuti

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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Pacing strategy refers to the distribution of effort and speed throughout the race to achieve optimal performance. This study aims to understand whether the choice of pacing strategy in swimming depends on the length of competitions and how sex, age, and performance level influence this strategy. Participants were the finalists of the 800 m and 1500 m freestyle events at the elite and junior world championships in 2022–2023. Race outcomes and pacing parameters were compared between the two distances and across different groups of swimmers. Swimmers in both distances did not break world records. Pacing strategy generally followed a U-shape with significant differences in the frequency and duration of speed changes between the two distances. The 800 m exhibited more frequent changes in acceleration, while the 1500 m events generally followed a more consistent time-series pattern. There were differences in pacing strategies between males and females and between junior and elite swimmers. Swimmers closer to world records showed more consistent pacing patterns compared to those farther from records. This study suggests that pacing strategies are influenced by race distance, sex, age, and performance level. The research highlights the complex interplay between physiological and psychological factors that shape a swimmer’s decision-making during a race.

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Swimming Performance in Elite Triathletes: Comparison Between Open Water and Pool Conditions

López‐Belmonte,

Ruiz‐Navarro,

Gay

et al. 2024

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This study aimed to compare performance, kinematic, and physiological variables between open water and pool swimming conditions in elite triathletes and to examine the associations between conditions on these variables. Fourteen elite triathletes (10 males and 4 females [23.4 ± 3.8 years]) performed two 1500‐m swimming tests in open water and in a 25‐m pool. Swimming speed, stroke rate (SR), length (SL) and index (SI), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations [La−], and end‐exercise oxygen uptake (EEV̇O2) were assessed in both conditions. Lower SL and SI and higher SR were obtained in open water compared with pool swimming (p < 0.05). Moreover, kinematic variables changed as a function of distance in both conditions (p < 0.05). No differences were found in the main physiological variables (HR, [La−], and EEV̇O2) between conditions. Respiratory exchange ratio presented lower values in open water than in pool conditions (p < 0.05), while time constant was higher in open water (p = 0.032). The fastest triathletes in open water obtained the best performance in the pool (r = 0.958; p < 0.001). All kinematic variables, HR and peak [La−] presented positive associations between conditions (r > 0.6; p < 0.05). Despite physiological invariance, triathletes and coaches should monitor specific open water training to adapt their swimming technique to the competitive environment.

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Analysis of pacing and kinematics in 3000 m freestyle in elite level swimmers

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Open Water Swimming in Elite Triathletes: Physiological and Biomechanical Determinants

Open Water Swimming in Elite Triathletes: Physiological and Biomechanical Determinants

Pacing Strategy of 800 m and 1500 m Freestyle Swimming Finals in the World Championships According to the Performance in Males and Females of Different Age Groups

Swimming Performance in Elite Triathletes: Comparison Between Open Water and Pool Conditions

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