Analysis of para-phenylenediamine allergic patients in relation to strength of patch test reaction

Ho, S G Y; Basketter, David A.; Jefferies, Donna; Rycroft, R. J. G.; White, Ian R.; McFadden, John

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06742.x

Cited by 64 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This view is supported by published data on patch test experience in different patient and non patient populations as well as cosmetovigilance experience (Thyssen and White, 2008;Krasteva et al, 2009;Krasteva et al, 2010). Based on the concept that MEL NESIL is associated with an increased likelihood to induce skin sensitization, a strong linear association between PPD containing temporary black henna tattoos and the severity of patch test and clinical reactions has been described (Ho et al, 2005;Krasteva et al, 2010) as temporary tattoos are known to contain PPD concentrations of up to 64% (Almeida et al, 2011;Brancaccio et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitisation: Consideration of a simplified approach for hair dye ingredients

Goebel

Diepgen

Krasteva

et al. 2012

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitisation: Consideration of a simplified approach for hair dye ingredients

Goebel

Diepgen

Krasteva

et al. 2012

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…In summary, instructions varied markedly, even among different hair dye products from the same manufacturer, and it is our impression that most were not really recommendations, but rather mandatory steps that should be followed by the consumer. It is interesting that some PPD-sensitized individuals tend to keep dyeing their hair despite the risk of developing dermatitis and swelling (22). Hence, the intention of the industry to prevent hair dye reactions through the use of a self-test may not reach its target audience at all.…”

Section: Self-testing For Hair Dye Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

et al. 2012

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SummaryThe cosmetic industry producing hair dyes has, for many years, recommended that their consumers perform 'a hair dye allergy self-test' or similar prior to hair dyeing, to identify individuals who are likely to react upon subsequent hair dyeing. This review offers important information on the requirements for correct validation of screening tests, and concludes that, in its present form, the hair dye self-test has severe limitations: (i) it is not a screening test but a diagnostic test; (ii) it has not been validated according to basic criteria defined by scientists; (iii) it has been evaluated in the wrong population group; (iv) skin reactions have been read by dermatologists and not by the targeted group (consumers and hairdressers); (v) hair dyes contain strong and extreme sensitizers that are left on the skin in high concentrations, potentially resulting in active sensitization; and (vi) recommendations and instructions on how to perform the hair dye self-test vary greatly even among products from the same company, again suggesting that the basis for safe use of the test has not been determined. If the use of a hair dye self-test to predict contact sensitization becomes widespread, there is severe risk that a tool has been marketed that may cause morbidity in European consumers.Key words: allergy alert test; diagnostics; hair dyes; nickel; p-phenylenediamine; screening; self-test; skin alert test.Contact allergy, defined as positive patch test reactions to common haptens, is frequent in general populations, affecting up to 20% of people (1-3). It is Correspondence: Jacob P. Thyssen, Department of Dermatolo-Allergology Gentofte Hospital, National Allergy Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 3977 3977; Fax: +45 3977 7118. E-mail: jacpth01@geh.regionh.dk Accepted for publication 15 February 2012 caused by repeated or prolonged cutaneous exposure to contact allergens, including metals such as nickel, cobalt, and chromium; preservatives, such as isothiazolinones, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, formaldehyde, and formaldehyde-releasers; fragrance substances, such as Myroxylon pereirae, Evernia prunastri, limonene, and isoeugenol; and finally, a wide range of very different chemicals, such as those present in topical drugs, plants, and hair dyes. Contact allergy is considered to be the latent

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“…Given the widespread use of hair dye by consumers, it is of note that a substantial proportion of those with allergy (perhaps as many as 75%) continue to dye their hair, perhaps tolerating a modest degree of discomfort in order to obtain the cosmetic benefit (20). However, a minority of those with hair dye allergy experience much more substantial reactions, including a number with very severe responses (1,7,20,21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a minority of those with hair dye allergy experience much more substantial reactions, including a number with very severe responses (1,7,20,21). To limit the extent of consumer risk of allergic reactions, the hair dye industry has, for many years, promoted the concept of a hair dye sensitivity test to be used by/on consumers, 48 hr prior to dyeing their hair (22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hair dye sensitivity testing: a critical commentary

Orton

Basketter

2012

Contact Dermatitis

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SummaryAlthough the large majority of users do not experience adverse skin reactions to hair dye products, a minority do. Most serious among these are allergic skin reactions, commonly to p-phenylenediamine and its derivatives. The consumer or hairdresser is expected (by the manufacturer) to limit the chance of expression of allergy by conducting a 'sensitivity test', which should provide the consumer with an alert for possible allergic reactivity. However, a self-conducted consumer test can only be useful if it meets a number of important criteria, including evidence that the test protocol works, that it can and is likely to be used successfully by the consumer or hairdresser, and that it does not present a significant health risk (e.g. an increased risk of developing allergy). In short, as with any in vivo test, the benefit must outweigh the risks. In formulating such a test, it should be determined in advance what are the acceptable levels of specificity (correct identification of negatives) and sensitivity (correct identification of positives). It is our view that any hair dye sensitivity test, whether supplied by the hair dye manufacturer or a third party, should be able to answer these questions.Key words: cross-reaction; hair dye; p-phenylenediamine; sensitivity test.There is an extensive body of clinical literature showing that allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair dyes is a significant, probably increasing, occupational and consumer health problem (1-4). Allergy to hair dye is not a new phenomenon, having been reported for many decades (5, 6), and hairdressers are commonly high on the list of those with occupational dermatitis (7-9). Investigation of those with dermatitis in that industry shows that a significant number have hair dye contact allergy. Among consumers, the currently available evidence suggests that although >90% of hair dye users do not experience allergic reactions, several per cent may do so (1-4, 7). However, of concern for the future is the apparent intensity of sensitization to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) that is occurring in children (10).It is of significance that almost all of the hair dye work has been completed with just a single marker hair dye allergen, PPD. Indeed, the present evidence suggests that although PPD might not be responsible for all cases of hair dye allergy (11, 12), the fact that it cross-reacts so well with other commonly used hair dye allergens [e.g. toluene-2,5-diamine (PTD) and the aminophenols] makes it an effective marker of the majority of hair dye allergy problems (13,14). This also is consistent with the evidence from in vitro T lymphocyte stimulation studies, where two-thirds of T cell clones reactive to PPD also responded to PTD, as well as being consistent with the results from in vivo models (15-18). However, it has been shown that there are some individuals with hair dye allergy who do not have a positive response to PPD (11,12,18). Recently, a survey of oxidative hair dyes on the Swedish market concluded that the use of a number of potently sens...

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Analysis of para-phenylenediamine allergic patients in relation to strength of patch test reaction

Abstract: Patients with stronger patch test reactions (++, +++) are more likely to have a clear history of reacting to hair dye and are less likely to still be dyeing their hair.

Cited by 64 publications

References 16 publications

Quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitisation: Consideration of a simplified approach for hair dye ingredients

Quantitative risk assessment for skin sensitisation: Consideration of a simplified approach for hair dye ingredients

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

Hair dye sensitivity testing: a critical commentary

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