Analysis of perfluorinated phosponic acids and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in water, sludge and sediment by LC–MS/MS

Annual dynamics of perfluorinated compounds in sediment: A case study in the Morava River in Zlín district, Czech Republic

“…For PFCs with high K d values sediment is a matrix that represents the contamination situation accumulated over longer period of time, and its monitoring may be better suitable for the assessment of long-term impacts of anthropogenic activity than infrequent water sampling (EU, 2010b). PFCs in sediments have been analysed in many places around the world, including Europe (Becker et al, 2008;Bossi et al, 2008;Campo et al, 2015;Clara et al, 2009;Esparza et al, 2011;Gomez et al, 2011;Kwadijk et al, 2010;Labadie and Chevreuil, 2011b,a;Pico et al, 2011), USA (Higgins et al, 2005;Higgins and Luthy, 2006;Kumar et al, 2009;Yeung et al, 2013), Canadian Arctic (Stock et al, 2007), Japan (Ahrens et al, 2011;Zushi et al, 2011), China (Bao et al, 2009;Pan et al, 2014;Pan and You, 2010;Yang et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2013) and Australia (Thompson et al, 2011). Reported concentrations of PFCs varied from ng to mg per kg of sediment (Table 1) and generally depend on the size of the agglomeration, and type of industry in studied areas (Guo et al, 2010).…”

Determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in water using liquid chromatography coupled to a corona-charged aerosol detector

“…The increasing of occurrence of PFCAs in the environment in last decade has been reported in many countries, of which perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is the most commonly found one in the environment. Parallel wide studies are focused on occurrence of PFCAs in the aquatic environment [3], including river waters [4,5], surface water [6,7], groundwater [8,9] and also sewage [10,11]. The level of PFCAs detected in surface waters is in the range of ng L À 1 -mg L À 1 .…”

Enrichment of perfluorinated alkyl substances on polyethersulfone using 1-methylpyperidine as ion-pair reagent for the clean-up of carrot and amended soil extracts

“…Because of their widespread use, analytical approaches for PFAS determination in different matrices such as air [13,14], water [4,15], sediments [16,17], biota [18], food [19,20], sludge [21,22], crops [23,24] and humans [25] are continuously being developed. Alkaline digestion [26], acid digestion [27], ion-pair extraction [28], solvent extraction [19], pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [17], focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) [29,30] and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) [18] are the most commonly used extraction techniques for the PFAS analysis in solid matrices.…”

“…Alkaline digestion [26], acid digestion [27], ion-pair extraction [28], solvent extraction [19], pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [17], focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) [29,30] and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) [18] are the most commonly used extraction techniques for the PFAS analysis in solid matrices.…”

“…Therefore, extracts require further clean-up to remove co-extracted lipids and other potential matrix components that interfere with the ionization of the target compounds. According to the literature, individual or serial weak anion exchange (WAX) SPE and Envi-Carb (dispersive graphitized carbon) are the most widely used clean-up strategies for quantification of PFASs in food [17,22,31,32]. Other sorbent mixtures such as Florisil and Envi-Carb mixture [33] and CUQAX256 SPE cartridge (mixed mode C8 þquaternary amine) [34] have also been used.…”