Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Empty Fruit Bunches in Oyster Mushroom Cultivation and in Vermicomposting

Abstract

Analyses of total phenolic compounds were carried out for oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFBs) vermicomposting in oyster mushrooms cultivation. The oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sajor-caju) were cultivated according to the large-scale vermicomposting trial (LSVT) methods. Both oyster mushrooms cultivation and vermicomposting of EFB with earthworms enhanced the lignin degradation of EFB. Analysis of total phenolic compounds EFB vermicomposting treated with earthworms showed a decrease in total phenolics concentration from 31.1 GAE/100g extract (raw EFB) to 5.66 g GAE/100g extract (after oyster mushroom cultivation) and to less than 1.5 g GAE/100g extract at the end of vermicomposting. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the mushroom fruiting body, spent mushrooms, and vermicompost showed no trace of phenolphenol, pyrocatechol, 4-hydrobenzoic acid, or antioxidant and flavonoid phenolics, e.g., phenol, 3,4-dimethoxy-, vanillic acid, and cinnamic acid. This indicates that the mushroom fruiting body is fit for human consumption and the final vermicompost is a useful agricultural product without the detrimental effects of spreading phenolics-loaded EFBs on the land.

Thermo‐mechanical and antioxidant properties of eugenol‐loaded carrageenan‐cellulose nanofiber films for sustainable packaging applications

“…This is due to several phenolic acids of CNF obtained from empty fruit bunch (EFB), such as vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and vanillin. 35 Film with the present of 0.4% Eu shows highest values with (614.9290 mg GA/L sample) until 28 days of storage compared with samples without Eu significantly (p < 0.05). A decline value of phenolic content observed at 28-day storage onwards for films with Eu which suggested of degradation behavior of Eu as a result of the longer storage time.…”

“…Films without Eu such as S and SG showed no phenolic compound released into the simulant because of the absence of Eu whereas SGC exhibit phenolic compound with value range (30–40 mg GA/L). This is due to several phenolic acids of CNF obtained from empty fruit bunch (EFB), such as vanillic acid, p ‐hydroxybenzoic acid, p ‐coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and vanillin 35 . Film with the present of 0.4% Eu shows highest values with (614.9290 mg GA/L sample) until 28 days of storage compared with samples without Eu significantly ( p < 0.05).…”

Green Route Synthesis of Amorphous Silica from Oil Palm Decanter Cake: From Literature Review to Experiments

“…The decomposition of cellulose and lignin follows it at high temperatures (400-1000C) (Ninduangdee et al, 2015;Sahad et al, 2014). Despite that, factors such as age and type of plantation may influence the differences in thermal degradation temperature of hemicellulose and cellulose (Yahaya et al, 2017). Stage 3 occurred when the temperatures reached 600C and were observed constant until 1000C.…”

Thermal degradation and morphological changes of oil palm empty fruit bunch vermicompost

“…The death of both species was attributed to the phenolic compounds of EFB. However, Ahmad Yahaya et al (2017) observed that the amount of phenolic compounds sharply decreased in treated EFB vermicomposting using Pleurotus sajor-caju after five weeks of composting.…”