Analysis of plantar impact characteristics of walking in patients with flatfoot according to basic mechanical features and continuous wavelet transform

Abstract

Flatfoot is a common foot deformity, and the collapse of the arch structure affects the foot cushioning during walking. A growing number of scholars have found that the analysis of the impact force should be combined with both the magnitude and the frequency of the impact force. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the plantar impact characteristics of flatfoot patients and normal foot people at different load-bearing buffer stage from the time and frequency domains. Sixteen males with flatfoot and sixteen males with normal foot were recruited to walk on the plantar pressure test system at the same step speed, and the vertical ground reaction force data were collected from the heel contact stage and the arch support stage. The differences in the frequency domain of the ground reaction force between the flatfoot and the normal foot in the two stages were analyzed according to the basic mechanical characteristics and the continuous wavelet transform. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the baseline data of subjects, and the differences in foot impact force characteristics at different stages of foot type and weight-bearing cushion phase were compared by two-factor repeated measures Analysis of Variance. 1) In terms of basic mechanical characteristics, In both groups for flatfoot patients and normal foot people, the peak ground reaction force was higher in the arch support stage compared to the heel contact stage (Pflatfoot<0.001, Pnormal foot<0.001), and the load rate of force change was smaller in this stage (Pflatfoot<0.001, Pnormal foot<0.001). However, no differences in peak ground reaction force and time of occurrence were found between flatfoot and normal foot in the two stages (p > 0.05), in the arch support stage, the force change load rate of patients with flatfoot was lower than that of normal foot people (p = 0.021). 2) The results of time and frequency domain characteristics showed that during the heel contact and the arch support stage, no significant differences in the maximum signal power as well as the corresponding time and the frequency of the main impact force between the normal foot and the flatfoot were found. In both flatfoot and normal foot types, compared with the foot heel contact stage, the maximum signal power in the arch support stage was higher (Pflatfoot < 0.001, Pnormal foot<0.001), and the corresponding impact frequency was smaller (Pflatfoot = 0.002, Pnormal foot = 0.004). Once the step speed was controlled, the flatfoot patients only showed a smaller impact force load rate in the arch support stage, which may be related to their lower arch rigidity. The characteristics of the impact force in different stages of walking support period were different in time and frequency domain, suggesting that there may be differences in the function of various parts of the foot.

Analysis of mechanical characteristics of walking and running foot functional units based on non-negative matrix factorization

“…In addition, our study used NNMF to divide the plantar into ten regions and analyzed the differences in plantar mechanical characteristics between healthy individuals during walking and running. However, some studies have shown that individuals with symptoms, such as stroke, pes cavus, and flatfoot, exhibit differences in plantar mechanics compared to healthy individuals during walking (Hillstrom et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2019;Bai et al, 2022). Therefore, it is recommended to redefine the plantar regions and combine lower limb biomechanical features for functional classification when applying NNMF to symptomatic populations based on their movement patterns.…”

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Different Footwear Midsole Structures on Plantar Pressure Distribution and Bone Stress in Obese and Healthy Children

“…Moreover, due to the long-term overload in obese children, the physiological structure is prone to the collapse of the foot arch, leading to flat feet, foot inversion, knee valgus, etc. [5]. Increased mechanical loading can cause damage to the hip, knee ankle, and other joint parts, ultimately leading to issues such as injury, lesions, and lower-limb osteoarthritis.…”