Analysis of Polar Species in Jet Fuel and Determination of Their Role in Autoxidative Deposit Formation

Balster, Lori M.; Zabarnick, Steven; Striebich, Richard C.; Shafer, Linda; West, Zachary J.

doi:10.1021/ef060275l

Cited by 84 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This may be explained by the difference in chemical composition, mainly; cyclic compounds (aromatics/naphthenes) present at 55%wt in Jet A-1 that have different reactivity compared to paraffins. Besides, Jet A-1 contains antioxidant additives and, possibly, other naturally occurring antioxidants, heteroatoms or contaminants that can influence its reactivity as well [13] [14]. Figure 3.b illustrates the effect of adding Jet A-1 on HEFA oxidation stability.…”

Section: Figure 2 : Distribution Of Normal and Branched Alkanes For Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an optimal formulation of alternative jet fuels: Enhanced oxidation and thermal stability by the addition of cyclic molecules

Amara

Kaoubi

Starck

2016

Fuel

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Oxidation and thermal stability (OTS) are key concerns for the development of alternative jet fuels, as they imply complex physical and chemical phenomena such as autoxidation, pyrolysis, cooxidation reactions and transfer-limitation. The OTSof an alternative aviation fuel was characterized using PetroOxy test from 120-160°C and JFTOT test at 325°C. The alternative jet fuel is a Synthetic Paraffinic Keroseneproduced from Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA-SPK). Results showed a high thermal stability of HEFA-SPK. However, a low oxidation stability was also observed. The oxidation stability of8model cyclicmolecules was evaluated. Results allowed to estimate the influence of the molecular structure of cyclic molecules on liquid phase reactivity involving the number and the hydrogenation of the aromatic rings and the number and chain-length of the aromatic alkyl groups.The addition of several alkylbenzenes increased almost linearly the induction period of HEFA-SPK. Tetralin and decalin acted as inhibitors of the radical chain mechanism at low concentration, although having inherently low oxidation stability. Besides offering a better oxidation stability, the addition of specific low fractions of several alkylbenzenes, tetralin and decalin to HEFA-SPK allowed to achieve a good thermal stability as well. These molecules represent good candidates to improve OTS of HEFA-SPK. This work opens the way for the development of future fit-for-purpose formulations of alternative jet fuels with an increased fraction of renewables.

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Section: Figure 2 : Distribution Of Normal and Branched Alkanes For Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an optimal formulation of alternative jet fuels: Enhanced oxidation and thermal stability by the addition of cyclic molecules

Amara

Kaoubi

Starck

2016

Fuel

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“…These compounds have been related to the thermal-oxidative stability of the fuels as well as to potentially contribute to material compatibility and elastomer swell issues. [22][23][24][25] Identification and quantitation of these compounds can provide insight regarding relative performance of the fuels within aircraft fuel systems. Therefore, the polar species in the various fuels were separated and quantified using an HPLC with a diode array detector (UV wavelength of 254 nm) with a slow gradient of hexanes followed sequentially by isopropanol and methanol.…”

Section: Polars Analyses By Hplcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[24][25][26] The QCM has the capability to monitor both headspace oxygen and carbon deposition in-situ during fuel thermal stressing. The deposition measurements provide insight regarding the propensity of the fuel to form carbonaceous surface deposits while the headspace oxygen measurement provides information regarding the relative oxidation rate of the fuel.…”

Section: Thermal Stability Via Qcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fuel blends exhibited deposition behavior between those exhibited by the neat fuels, with significant enhancement in stability for some of the blends. The reduction in deposition observed upon blending likely results from a combination of two effects: (1) dilution of the deleterious heteroatomic species in the jet fuel, [24][25]27 and (2) reduction in the rate of oxidation of the jet fuels, lowering deposition under partial oxygen consumption conditions. It should be noted that the oxidation rate of the FT fuel (as-produced) is extremely high due to the lack of natural antioxidants in the fuel (see discussions on Polar and Sulfur Speciation).…”

Section: Thermal Stability Via Qcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Striebich¹,

Shafer²,

DeWitt³

et al. 2008

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Air Force Research Laboratory SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY ACRONYM(S)Propulsion SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-RZ-WP-TR-2008-2034 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESPAO Case Number and clearance date: 88ABW2008-1311, 17 Dec 2008. ABSTRACTThe studies and analysis performed in this report were made to improve the understanding of blending an Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK) produced from natural gas via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis with several petroleum-derived fuels on the resulting chemical, physical and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) properties. The IPK had a similar distillation range to a typical jet fuel and high iso-/normal alkane ratio. Blending showed a linear dependence in the specification and non-specification properties with blend ratio. Determination and understanding of this dependence allows for the prediction of anticipated fuel properties during blending and for statistical analysis using historical fuel property distribution data to be performed to investigate expected fuel properties and variability as a function of blend ratio. SUBJECT TERMS Executive SummaryThere has been increasing interest in recent years in the development and use of aviation fuels derived from non-petroleum feedstocks. The motivation for use of domestically-produced alternative fuels is driven by many factors, including homeland defense, military preparedness and economic security. Development of processes and infrastructure to produce liquid fuels from domestic sources, such as coal or biological feedstocks, could significantly assist in achieving this goal. One approach that can be implemented is the use of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis to produce liquid fuels via indirect liquefaction. The primary products from low temperature FT synthesis are typically long-chain n-alkanes, which can be converted to branched alkanes and separated into the desired distillation range. This product is typically referred to as Iso-Paraff...

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“…Polar components have been shown to be correlated to deposit formation, with phenols, indoles and carbazoles showing the largest efect [14]. Some common classes of polar compounds are shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Low Temperature Oxidation Of Fuel Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Storage on Turbine Engine Fuels

Johnson¹

2018

Flight Physics - Models, Techniques and Technologies

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Modern aviation requires reliable and safe sources of fuel which means fuel is frequently stored for extended periods. In addition, as fuel is used, new fuel is added which is not always compatible with the fuel in the tank. The incompatibility and long-term storage leads to a number of problems that will be addressed in this chapter. Some of the possible changes over time include formation of bioilms, deposit formation, water incorporation and additive depletion. The chemistry and biochemistry of each of these areas will be discussed along with how they might be prevented. New areas of research on low temperature oxidation of trace fuel components and the prevention of bacterial growth will be presented. Other problems are related to the reaction of trace components in the fuel which can lead to oxidation and deposit formation. Trace components also vary based on fuel source and lead to problems in compatibility of diferent fuels. In addition some of the reactions of fuel additives will be discussed.

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Analysis of Polar Species in Jet Fuel and Determination of Their Role in Autoxidative Deposit Formation

Cited by 84 publications

References 21 publications

Toward an optimal formulation of alternative jet fuels: Enhanced oxidation and thermal stability by the addition of cyclic molecules

Toward an optimal formulation of alternative jet fuels: Enhanced oxidation and thermal stability by the addition of cyclic molecules

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

The Effects of Storage on Turbine Engine Fuels

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