Analysis of prevention program effectiveness with clustered data using generalized estimating equations.

Norton, Edward C.; Bieler, Gayle; Ennett, Susan T.; Zarkin, Gary A.

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.5.919

Cited by 89 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Therefore, each analysis was run using the generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach in SAS PROC GENMOD (SAS Institute, 2005) in order to adjust the estimated standard error to account for the within-cluster correlation. This approach generally provides for a more conservative test of the hypothesis when a positive ICC is present (Norton, Bieler, Ennett, & Zarkin, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Youth Violence and Delinquency through a Universal School-Based Prevention Approach

2006

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Abstract:Violence is an important public health problem among adolescents in the United States. Substance use and violence tend to co-occur among adolescents and appear to have similar etiologies. The present study examined the extent to which a comprehensive prevention approach targeting an array of individual-level risk and protective factors and previously found effective in preventing tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use is capable of decreasing violence and delinquency. Schools (N=41) were randomly assigned to intervention and control conditions. Participants in the 20 intervention schools received the Life Skills Training prevention program including material focusing on violence and the media, anger management, and conflict resolution skills. Survey data were collected from 4,858 sixth grade students prior to the intervention and three months later after the intervention. Findings showed significant reductions in violence and delinquency for intervention participants relative to controls. Stronger prevention effects were found for students who received at least half of the preventive intervention. These effects include less verbal and physical aggression, fighting, and delinquency. The results of this study indicate that a school-based prevention approach previously found to prevent tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use can also prevent violence and delinquency.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Youth Violence and Delinquency through a Universal School-Based Prevention Approach

2006

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“…The estimated parameters from the linear probability model are unbiased and consistent, but not efficient due to heteroskedasiticity. We estimate White robust standard errors, which account for the heteroskedasticity and are consistent [23].…”

Section: Illustrative Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How measures of perception from survey data lead to inconsistent regression results: evidence from adolescent and peer substance use

2002

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In studies of peer group behavior, the direct measure of peer group behavior is often not available, and so is replaced by perceptions from survey respondents. This study shows that regression estimators are inconsistent when the correctly measured independent variable of group behavior is replaced with perceived measures from survey respondents. The inconsistency is due to three sources: projection of own behavior onto the group, rescaling the marginal effect of the group, and simple random measurement error. We discuss why each effect may cause inconsistency, derive formulas for the probability limit to quantify their effects, and illustrate with three examples of adolescent smoking and drinking.

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“…That is, the error terms of clients within therapist are correlated, thus violating the assumption of independent observations (Wampold & Serlin, 2000). Ignoring clustering effects can lead to biased standard errors of parameter estimates and inflated Type I error rates when using ordinary least squares regression (Norton, Bieler, Ennett, & Zarkin, 1996;Zucker, 1990). Procedures are available for diagnosing clustering effects and adjusting significance tests accordingly (e.g., Hedeker, Gibbons, & Flay, 1994;Wampold & Serlin, 2000).…”

Section: Part 3: Process-outcome Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Procedures are available for diagnosing clustering effects and adjusting significance tests accordingly (e.g., Hedeker, Gibbons, & Flay, 1994;Wampold & Serlin, 2000). However, the current study does not contain a sufficient number of average clients per therapist to calculate reliable intraclass correlation coefficients (Hedeker et al, 1994;Norton et al, 1996), a necessary first step in correctly diagnosing significant therapist clustering. Step 2) and the interaction term (Step 3) predict change in the given outcome.…”

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Linking Session Focus to Treatment Outcome in Evidence-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Abuse.

Hogue

Liddle

Dauber

et al. 2004

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training

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The relation between specific therapy techniques and treatment outcome was examined for 2 empirically supported treatments for adolescent substance abuse: individual cognitive-behavioral therapy and multidimensional family therapy. Participants were 51 inner-city, substance-abusing adolescents receiving outpatient psychotherapy within a larger randomized trial. One session per case was evaluated using a 17-item observational measure of model-specific techniques and therapeutic foci. Exploratory factor analysis identified 2 subscales, Adolescent Focus and Family Focus, with strong interrater reliability and internal consistency. Process-outcome analyses revealed that family focus, but not adolescent focus, predicted posttreatment improvement in drug use, externalizing symptoms, and internalizing symptoms within both study conditions. Implications for the implementation and dissemination of individual-based and family-based approaches for adolescent drug use are discussed.Psychotherapy process research plays an integral role in the development of empirically based treatments. Treatment development refers to systematic efforts to test, critique, and revise the theoretical underpinnings and technical ingredients of intervention models in connection with an accumulating research base (Kazdin, 1994;Rounsaville, Carroll, & Onken, 2001). Treatment development relies on process research that can elucidate the mechanisms of change responsible for observed outcome effects: How does a treatment work and what features are essential for its success? (Kazdin, 1999).Process research is also poised to make a substantial contribution to treatment dissemination efforts. The imposing gap between efficacy research (testing therapies under highly controlled conditions to maximize internal validity) and effectiveness research (testing therapies under standard practice conditions to maximize external and ecological validity) has prompted demand for research on transporting treatment models from the lab to the clinic (Nathan, Stuart, & Dolan, 2000;Weisz, Donenberg, Han, & Weiss, 1995). One key to Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Aaron Hogue, PhD, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, 633 Third Avenue, 19th Floor, New York, NY 10017. ahogue@casacolumbia.org. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript Psychotherapy (Chic). Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 May 14. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript successful transportation will be identifying the specific aspects of efficacious models that are linked with good outcomes-knowing what, exactly, should be transported (Kazdin, 2001). This is particularly true for multicomponent, flexibly delivered models whose clinical look may vary from case to case as therapists attempt to meet the unique needs of each client (Gaston & Gagnon, 1996).The current study investigated specific therapy processes for two empirically supported outpatient treatments for adolescent substance abuse: cognitive-...

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Analysis of prevention program effectiveness with clustered data using generalized estimating equations.

Cited by 89 publications

References 30 publications

Preventing Youth Violence and Delinquency through a Universal School-Based Prevention Approach

Preventing Youth Violence and Delinquency through a Universal School-Based Prevention Approach

How measures of perception from survey data lead to inconsistent regression results: evidence from adolescent and peer substance use

Linking Session Focus to Treatment Outcome in Evidence-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Abuse.

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