“…The time-dependent behavior of freshwater ice has been addressed with great attention, and several constitutive mod-els were developed (Michel, 1978;Sinha, 1978;Le Gac and Duval, 1980;Ashby and Duval, 1985;Sunder and Wu, 1989;Mellor and Cole, 1983;Cole, 1990;Duval et al, 1991;Sunder and Wu, 1990;Abdel-Tawab and Rodin, 1997;Santaoja, 1990). Constitutive laws can be phenomenological or micromechanical.…”