“…Geographical, farm, and farmer variables can explain variations in agricultural production inefficiencies. Literature reviews [ 12 , 13 , 49 , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] ] and in the current study, the study site's reality guides the research. This study explains variation in profit inefficiencies among Kenyan smallholder maize farmers based on factors such as education, experience in maize farming, gender of household heads, the size of the household, the size of the farm, ownership of the land, training in the field, distance between the home and the field, salinity and alkalinity of the soil, disease of the maize crop, and climatic conditions.…”