Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the quantitative determination of some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Roeder, E.; Pflueger, T.

doi:10.1002/nt.2620030426

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…According to the authors, antibodies to monocrotaline did not cross-react with retrorsine, retrorsine-N-oxide, riddelliine or retronecine (Bober et al, 1991). Roeder and Pflueger (1995) reported on a successful analysis of the 'total alkaloids' (representing the concentrations of sencionine and integerrimine together with their N-oxides) as present in zinc dust reduced methanolic extracts of Senecio rupestris using antibodies to a retrorsine hemisuccinate-BSA conjugate. Using immunogens based on 'quaternary' (N-alkylated) pyrrolizidinium salts linked to either BSA or chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA) by a six carbon bifunctional linking arm, Roseman et al (1996) developed polyclonal antibodies with a very high specificity towards retrorsine, monocrotaline and retronecine, respectively.…”

Section: Immunological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

2011

EFS2

226

130

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. To date, approximately 600 different PAs are known. Results for 13,280 bulk honey and 1324 retail honey samples were provided to EFSA by one Member State and 351 feed samples were provided by a second Member State. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) performed estimates of both acute and chronic exposure to PAs through honey for three different age groups. Although there might be other sources of PA exposure, due to lack of data the CONTAM Panel was not able to quantify dietary exposure from food other than honey. A number of PAs were identified as being of particular importance for food and feed. Based on the present knowledge of metabolism, activation, DNA adduct-formation, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, the CONTAM Panel concluded that 1,2-unsaturated PAs may act as genotoxic carcinogens in humans. Therefore, the CONTAM Panel decided to apply the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach. A benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10 % excess cancer risk (BMDL 10 ) of 70 µg/kg b.w. per day for induction of liver haemangiosarcomas by lasiocarpine in male rats was calculated as the reference point for comparison with the estimated dietary exposure. The CONTAM Panel concluded that there is a possible health concern for those toddlers and children who are high consumers of honey. There is generally a low risk of PA poisoning in livestock and companion animals in the EU as most PA poisonings reported recently are due to accidental exposure. © European Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feedEFSA Journal 2011;9(11):2406 2 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. They are typical plant secondary metabolites against herbivores. It has been estimated that approximately 6000 plant species world wide, representing 3 % of all flowering plants, may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. PAs are mainly found in the distantly related angiosperm families of the Boraginaceae (all genera), Asteraceae (tribes Senecioneae and Eupatorieae) and Fabaceae (genus Crotalaria). The PA-content of plant material depends on a large number of factors (species, plant organ, harvest, storage, extraction procedures). Reported contents vary from trace amounts up to 19 % based on dry weight. The name pyrrolizidine is the chemical description of two-fused 5-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the bridgehead. This motif is the central structure of a variety of PAs. PAs generally consist of an amino alcohol which is referred to as necine or necine base and an acid part which is called a necic acid. Most of the known PAs are este...

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Section: Immunological Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

2011

EFS2

226

130

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“…Alternative techniques such as ultrasonic [65], supercritical fluid (SFE) [78], continuous [101], and cold ion extraction [81] were performed as well. Extractions at increased temperatures were mostly performed by Soxhlet [14,74,76,77,82,83,91,96,99,103,108,145,[147][148][149][150][151]165] or refluxing [25,88,105] with the extraction of Senecio studied by a few research groups in more detail.…”

Section: Seneciomentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracting and Analyzing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants: A Review

Kopp

Abdel‐Tawab

Mizaikoff

2020

Toxins

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are distributed in plant families of Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, and Fabaceae and serve in the chemical defense mechanism against herbivores. However, they became a matter of concern due to their toxicity associated with the high risk of intake within herbal preparations, e.g., phytopharmaceutical formulations, medicinal teas, or other plant-derived drug products. In 1992, the German Federal Ministry of Health established the first limits of PA content for fourteen medicinal plants. Because of the toxic effects of PAs, the Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) established more stringent limits in 2011, whereby a daily intake <0.007 µg/kg body weight was recommended and valid until 2018. A threefold higher limit was then advised by BfR. To address consumer safety, there is the need for more efficient extraction procedures along with robust, selective, and sensitive analytical methods to address these concerns. With the increased prevalence of, e.g., phytopharmaceutical formulations, this timely review comprehensively focuses on the most relevant extraction and analysis strategies for each of those fourteen plant genera. While a variety of extraction procedures has been reported, differences in PA content of up to 1110 ppm (0.11% (w/w)) were obtained dependent on the nature of the solvent and the applied extraction technique. It is evident that the efficient extraction of PAs requires further improvements or at least standardization of the extraction conditions. Comparing the various analytical techniques applied regarding selectivity and sensitivity, LC-MS methods appear most suited. This review shows that both standardized extraction and sensitive determination of PAs is required for achieving appropriate safety levels concerning public health in future.

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“…A highly sensitive and specific competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used for detection and quantification of PAs [213][214][215][216]. The limit of detection of this ELISA method was 1.9, 10, 18, 20 and 60 ng for lasiocarpine, lasiocarpine N-oxide, heliotrine, and heliourine N-oxide, respectively [217].…”

Section: Enzyme-linked Immunoassaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Boraginaceae Structures, Distribution, and Biological Properties

2014

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Among the diversity of secondary metabolites which are produced by plants as means of defence against herbivores and microbes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common in Boraginaceae, Asteraceae and some other plant families. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are infamous as toxic compounds which can alkylate DNA und thus cause mutations and even cancer in herbivores and humans. Almost all genera of the family Boraginaceae synthesize and store this type of alkaloids. This review reports the available information on the present status (literature up to early 2014) of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Boraginaceae and summarizes the topics structure, distribution, chemistry, chemotaxonomic significance, and biological properties.

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Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the quantitative determination of some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

Extracting and Analyzing Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Medicinal Plants: A Review

Diversity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Boraginaceae Structures, Distribution, and Biological Properties

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